Mathematical description of crc_ccitt() versus crc_11021()

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Thomas Schmitt 2012-02-11 17:12:16 +00:00
parent 70ddb30a32
commit d94336b2b0
2 changed files with 91 additions and 6 deletions

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#define Cdrskin_timestamP "2012.02.02.190720" #define Cdrskin_timestamP "2012.02.11.171228"

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@ -114,11 +114,100 @@ unsigned long crc32_table[256] = {
Generating polynomial: x^16 + x^12 + x^5 + 1 Generating polynomial: x^16 + x^12 + x^5 + 1
Also known as CRC-16-CCITT, CRC-CCITT Also known as CRC-16-CCITT, CRC-CCITT
Use in libburn for raw write modes in sector.c. Used in libburn for raw write modes in sector.c.
There is also disabled code in read.c which would use it. There is also disabled code in read.c which would use it.
ts B11222: ts B11222:
The same algorithm is prescribed for CD-TEXT.
libburn/cdtext.c uses a simple bit shifting function : crc_11021() libburn/cdtext.c uses a simple bit shifting function : crc_11021()
ts B20211:
Discussion why both are equivalent in respect to their result:
Both map the bits of the given bytes to a polynomial over the finite field
of two elements. If bytes 0 .. M are given, then bit n of byte m is mapped
to the coefficient of x exponent (n + ((M - m) * 8) + 16).
I.e. they translate the bits into a polynomial with the highest bit
becomming the coefficient of the highest power of x. Then this polynomial
is multiplied by (x exp 16).
The set of all such polynomials forms a commutative ring. Its addition
corresponds to bitwise exclusive or. Addition and subtraction are identical.
Multiplication with polynomials of only one single non-zero coefficient
corresponds to leftward bit shifting by the exponent of that coefficient.
The same rules apply as with elementary school arithmetics on integer
numbers, but with surprising results due to the finite nature of the
coefficient number space.
Note that multiplication is _not_ an iteration of addition here.
Function crc_11021() performs a division with residue by the euclidian
algorithm. I.e. it splits polynomial d into quotient q(d) and residue r(d)
in respect to the polynomial p = x exp 16 + x exp 12 + x exp 5 + x exp 0
d = p * q(d) + r(d)
where r(d) is of a polynomial rank lower than p, i.e. only x exp 15
or lower have non-zero coefficients.
The checksum crc(D) is derived by reverse mapping (r(d) * (x exp 16)).
I.e. by mapping the coefficient of (x exp n) to bit n of the 16 bit word
crc(D).
The function result is the bit-wise complement of crc(D).
Function crc_ccitt uses a table ccitt_table of r(d) values for the
polynomials d which represent the single byte values 0x00 to 0xff.
It computes r(d) by computing the residues of an iteratively expanded
polynomial. The expansion of the processed byte string A by the next byte B
from the input byte string happens by shifting the string 8 bits to the
left, and by oring B onto bits 0 to 7.
In the space of polynomials, the already processed polynomial "a" (image of
byte string A) gets expanded by polynomial b (the image of byte B) like this
a * X + b
where X is (x exp 8), i.e. the single coefficient polynomial of rank 8.
The following argumentation uses algebra with commutative, associative
and distributive laws.
Valid especially with polynomials is this rule:
(1): r(a + b) = r(a) + r(b)
because r(a) and r(b) are of rank lower than rank(p) and
rank(a + b) <= max(rank(a), rank(b))
Further valid are:
(2): r(a) = r(r(a))
(3): r(p * a) = 0
The residue of this expanded polynomials can be expressed by means of the
residue r(a) which is known from the previous iteration step, and the
residue r(b) which may be looked up in ccitt_table.
r(a * X + b)
= r(p * q(a) * X + r(a) * X + p * q(b) + r(b))
Applying rule (1):
= r(p * q(a) * X) + r(r(a) * X) + r(p * q(b)) + r(r(b))
Rule (3) and rule (2):
= r(r(a) * X) + r(b)
Be h(a) and l(a) chosen so that: r(a) = h(a) * X + l(a),
and l(a) has zero coefficients above (x exp 7), and h(a) * X has zero
coefficients below (x exp 8). (They correspond to the high and low byte
of the 16 bit word crc(A).)
Now we have:
= r(h(a) * X * X) + r(l(a) * X) + r(b)
Since the rank of l(a) is lower than 8, rank of l(a) * X is lower than 16.
Thus it cannot be divisible by p which has rank 16.
So: r(l(a) * X) = l(a) * X
This yields
= l(a) * X + r(h(a) * X * X + b)
h(a) * X * X is the polynomial representation of the high byte of 16 bit
word crc(A).
So in the world of bit patterns we have:
crc(byte string A expanded by byte B)
= (low_byte(crc(A)) << 8) ^ crc(high_byte(crc(A)) ^ B)
And this is what function crc_ccitt() does, modulo swapping the exor
operants and some C obfuscation.
*/ */
unsigned short crc_ccitt(unsigned char *q, int len) unsigned short crc_ccitt(unsigned char *q, int len)
{ {
@ -136,10 +225,6 @@ unsigned short crc_ccitt(unsigned char *q, int len)
P(x) = (x^16 + x^15 + x^2 + 1) . (x^16 + x^2 + x + 1) P(x) = (x^16 + x^15 + x^2 + 1) . (x^16 + x^2 + x + 1)
" "
>>> Test whether this coincides with CRC-32 IEEE 802.3
x^32 + x^26 + x^23 + x^22 + x^16 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10
+ x^8 + x^7 + x^5 + x^4 + x^2 + x + 1
Used for raw writing in sector.c Used for raw writing in sector.c
*/ */
unsigned int crc_32(unsigned char *data, int len) unsigned int crc_32(unsigned char *data, int len)