427 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
427 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
Contribution of libburnia-project.org to the GNU Operating System
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
GNU xorriso. By Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>
|
|
Derived from and supported by libburnia-project.org, published via:
|
|
http://www.gnu.org/software/xorriso/xorriso_eng.html
|
|
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/xorriso/xorriso-0.5.7.tar.gz
|
|
Provided under GPL version 3 or later. No warranty.
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
xorriso is a program which copies file objects from POSIX compliant
|
|
filesystems into Rock Ridge enhanced ISO 9660 filesystems and allows
|
|
session-wise manipulation of such filesystems. It can load the management
|
|
information of existing ISO images and it writes the session results to
|
|
optical media or to filesystem objects.
|
|
Vice versa xorriso is able to restore file objects from ISO 9660 filesystems.
|
|
|
|
A special property of xorriso is that it needs neither an external ISO 9660
|
|
formatter program nor an external burn program for CD or DVD but rather
|
|
incorporates the libraries of libburnia-project.org .
|
|
|
|
Currently it is fully supported on GNU/Linux with kernels >= 2.4,
|
|
on FreeBSD with ATAPI/CAM support enabled in the kernel, see atapicam(4),
|
|
and on OpenSolaris (tested with kernel 5.11).
|
|
On other X/Open compliant systems there will only be POSIX i/o with disk
|
|
file objects, but no direct MMC operation on CD/DVD/BD drives.
|
|
|
|
By using this software you agree to the disclaimer at the end of this text:
|
|
"... without even the implied warranty ..."
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compilation, First Glimpse, Installation
|
|
|
|
The most simple way to get xorriso from source code is the GNU xorriso tarball.
|
|
|
|
Prerequisites:
|
|
The tarball contains everything that is needed except the following system
|
|
components:
|
|
libc, libpthread
|
|
plus on FreeBSD: libiconv, libcam, IDE and SATA drives need atapicam
|
|
Optional at compile time are:
|
|
libreadline and the readline-dev headers make dialog mode more convenient.
|
|
zlib and zlib-devel allow zisofs compression.
|
|
on GNU/Linux: libacl and libacl-devel allow getting and setting ACLs.
|
|
If they were present at compile time, then the optional libraries have to
|
|
be present at runtime, too.
|
|
|
|
Obtain xorriso-0.5.7.tar.gz, take it to a directory of your choice and do:
|
|
|
|
tar xzf xorriso-0.5.7.tar.gz
|
|
cd xorriso-0.5.7
|
|
|
|
Within that directory execute:
|
|
|
|
./configure --prefix=/usr
|
|
make
|
|
|
|
This will produce a binary named
|
|
./xorriso/xorriso
|
|
|
|
If you want xorriso to report a "Build timestamp" with its option -version :
|
|
make buildstamped
|
|
|
|
You may strip the binary to reduce it in size
|
|
strip ./xorriso/xorriso
|
|
|
|
You may copy or move it to a directory where it can be found by the shell,
|
|
or you may execute xorriso at the place where it was built,
|
|
or you may execute as superuser:
|
|
make install
|
|
|
|
For general concepts, options and usage examples see
|
|
info xorriso
|
|
or
|
|
man 1 xorriso
|
|
|
|
The documents are part of the tarball as
|
|
xorriso/xorriso.info
|
|
xorriso/xorriso.1
|
|
Original source text of both is
|
|
xorriso/xorriso.texi
|
|
You may get a first glimpse by
|
|
info ./xorriso/xorriso.info
|
|
man ./xorriso/xorriso.1
|
|
|
|
The installation creates several alias links pointing to the xorriso binary:
|
|
xorrisofs starts xorriso with -as mkisofs emulation already enabled
|
|
xorrecord starts xorriso with -as cdrecord emulation already enabled
|
|
osirrox starts with -osirrox image-to-disk copying already enabled
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you want to avoid dependecy on libreadline although the libreadline
|
|
development package is installed, then rather build xorriso by:
|
|
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-libreadline
|
|
make clean ; make
|
|
Never omit the "make clean" command after switching libreadline enabling.
|
|
Other deliberate dependency reduction options of ./configure are:
|
|
--disable-libacl avoid use of ACL functions like acl_to_text()
|
|
--disable-xattr avoid use of xattr functions like listxattr()
|
|
--disable-zlib avoid use of zlib functions like compress2()
|
|
|
|
xorriso brings own system adapters which allow burning optical media on
|
|
GNU/Linux and FreeBSD. Alternatively it can use libcdio-0.83 or later for
|
|
sending commands to optical drives:
|
|
--enable-libcdio
|
|
|
|
xorriso allows to use external processes as file content filters. This is
|
|
a potential security risk which may be avoided by ./configure option
|
|
--disable-external-filters
|
|
|
|
By default the filter feature is disabled if effective user id and real
|
|
user id differ. This ban can be lifted by
|
|
--enable-external-filters-setuid
|
|
|
|
Sometimes xorriso will yield better write performance on GNU/Linux if 64 KB are
|
|
transmitted in each write operation rather than 32 KB. See option -dvd_obs .
|
|
64k can be made default at configure time by:
|
|
--enable-dvd-obs-64k
|
|
|
|
For xorriso -as cdrecord emulation only:
|
|
In some situations GNU/Linux may deliver a better write performance to drives
|
|
if the track input is read with O_DIRECT (see man 2 open). The included libburn
|
|
and the cdrecord emulation of xorriso can be told to use this peculiar read
|
|
mode by:
|
|
--enable-track-src-odirect
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drives and Disk File Objects
|
|
|
|
The user of libisoburn applications needs rw-permission for the CD/DVD/BD
|
|
drives which shall be used, even if only reading is intended.
|
|
A list of rw-accessible drives can be obtained by
|
|
|
|
xorriso -devices
|
|
|
|
CD devices which offer not enough permission are invisible to normal users.
|
|
The superuser should be able to see any usable drive and then set the
|
|
permissions as needed.
|
|
On Linux and FreeBSD, rw-permissions are needed.
|
|
On Solaris, the privilege "sys_devices" and r-permission are needed.
|
|
|
|
The output of xorriso -devices might look like
|
|
|
|
0 -dev '/dev/sr0' rwrw-- : 'TSSTcorp' 'CDDVDW SH-S203B'
|
|
1 -dev '/dev/hda' rwrw-- : 'HL-DT-ST' 'DVD-ROM GDR8162B'
|
|
|
|
On Linux, full and insecure enabling of both for everybody would look like
|
|
chmod a+rw /dev/sr0 /dev/hda
|
|
This is equivalent to the traditional setup chmod a+x,u+s cdrecord.
|
|
|
|
On FreeBSD, device permissions are to be set in /etc/devfs.rules.
|
|
On Solaris, pfexec privileges may be restricted to "base,sys_devices".
|
|
See below "System Dependend Drive Permission Examples".
|
|
|
|
I strongly discourage to run xorriso with setuid root or via sudo !
|
|
It is not checked for the necessary degree of hacker safety.
|
|
Better consider to grant the necessary permissions to group "floppy"
|
|
and to add users to it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
A possible source of problems are hald or other automounters.
|
|
If you can spot a process "hald-addon-storage" with the address of
|
|
your desired drive, then consider to kill it.
|
|
|
|
If you cannot get rid of the automounter that easily, try whether it helps
|
|
to always load the drive tray manually before starting a write run of
|
|
xorriso. Wait until the drive light is off.
|
|
Better try to unmount an eventually mounted media before a write run.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Besides true optical drives, xorriso can also address disk files as input or
|
|
output drives. By default paths to files under /dev are accepted only if the
|
|
device represents a real optical drive. Other device files may be addressed
|
|
by prepending "stdio:" to the path.
|
|
Like:
|
|
xorriso -dev stdio:/dev/sdb ...more arguments...
|
|
This rule may be changed by xorriso option -drive_class.
|
|
Prefix "mmc:" causes a path to be accepted only if it is a real optical drive
|
|
which is accessible by generic SCSI/MMC commands.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Testing
|
|
|
|
We are quite sure that libisofs produces accurate representations of the disk
|
|
files. This opinion is founded on a lot of test burns and checks by a little
|
|
test program which compares files from the mounted image with the orignals
|
|
on disk. It uses the normal POSIX filesystem calls, i.e. no libburnia stuff.
|
|
|
|
This program is not installed systemwide but stays in the installation
|
|
directory of the xorriso tarball as test/compare_file . Usually it is
|
|
run as -exec payload of a find command. It demands at least three arguments:
|
|
The path of the first file to compare, the prefix1 to be cut off from path
|
|
and the prefix2 which gets prepended afterwards to obtain the path of the
|
|
second file to compare.
|
|
As further argument there can be -no_ctime which suppresses the comparison
|
|
of ctime date stamps.
|
|
The exit value is 0 if no difference was detected, non-0 else.
|
|
|
|
Example: After
|
|
xorriso ... -pathspecs on -add /=/original/dir -- -commit_eject all
|
|
mount /media/dvd
|
|
cd test
|
|
compare tree /media/dvd with tree /original/dir :
|
|
find /original/dir -exec ./compare_file '{}' /original/dir /media/dvd ';' \
|
|
| less
|
|
and vice versa:
|
|
find /media/dvd -exec ./compare_file '{}' /media/dvd /original/dir ';' \
|
|
| less
|
|
|
|
|
|
File Formats
|
|
|
|
Sector Maps
|
|
|
|
Sector maps describe the valid and invalid blocks on a media or a disk copy of
|
|
a media. xorriso creates and reads these file with its option -check_media.
|
|
|
|
The file begins with 32 bytes of cleartext of which the last one is a
|
|
newline character. The first 25 say "xorriso sector bitmap v2 ", the
|
|
remaining six characters give the size of the info text as decimal number.
|
|
This number of bytes follows the first 32 and will not be interpreted
|
|
by xorriso. They are rather to inform a human reader about the media type
|
|
and its track layout.
|
|
After the info text there are two 4 byte signed integers, most significant
|
|
byte first. The first one, N, gives the number of bits in the following bitmap
|
|
and the second number S gives the number of 2 KiB blocks governed by a single
|
|
bit in the map. Then come the bits in form of 8-bit bytes.
|
|
Data block M is covered by bit B=M/S in the map, bit number B is stored in
|
|
byte B/8 as bit B%8. A valid readable data block has its bit set to 1.
|
|
|
|
Checksum Tags
|
|
|
|
Checksum tags are data blocks inside an ISO 9660 image which do not belong to
|
|
any file but rather tell the MD5 of a certain range of data blocks.
|
|
|
|
The superblock checksum tag is written after the ECMA-119 volume descriptors.
|
|
The tree checksum tag is written after the ECMA-119 directory entries.
|
|
The session checksum tag is written after all payload including the checksum
|
|
array. (Then follows eventual padding.)
|
|
|
|
The tags are single lines of printable text, padded by 0 bytes. They have
|
|
the following format:
|
|
|
|
Tag_id pos=# range_start=# range_size=# [session_start|next=#] md5=# self=#\n
|
|
|
|
Parameters md5= and self= are 32 digit hex, the others are decimal numbers.
|
|
|
|
Tag_id distinguishes the following tag types
|
|
"libisofs_rlsb32_checksum_tag_v1" Relocated 64 kB superblock tag
|
|
"libisofs_sb_checksum_tag_v1" Superblock tag
|
|
"libisofs_tree_checksum_tag_v1" Directory tree tag
|
|
"libisofs_checksum_tag_v1" Session end tag
|
|
|
|
A relocated superblock may appear at LBA 0 of an image which was produced for
|
|
being stored in a disk file or on overwriteable media (e.g. DVD+R, BD-RE).
|
|
xorriso records the first session at LBA 32. An eventual follow-up session
|
|
begins at the next block address which is divisible by 32 and higher than the
|
|
address of the previous session's end tag. Normally no session starts after the
|
|
address given by relocated superblock parameter session_start=.
|
|
Session oriented media like CD-R[W], DVD+R, BD-R will have no relocated
|
|
superblock but rather bear a table-of-content on media level.
|
|
|
|
A tag is valid if pos= tells its own block address and self= tells its own MD5
|
|
up to the last hex digit of md5=. range_start= tells the first block that is
|
|
covered by md5=, range_size= tells the number of blocks covered by md5=.
|
|
Relocated superblocks tell the block address of their session by session_start=.
|
|
Superblock and tree tag tell the block address of the next tag by next=.
|
|
The newline character at the end is mandatory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
libisoburn
|
|
|
|
xorriso is based on libisofs which does ISO 9600 filesystem aspects and on
|
|
libburn which does the input and output aspects. Parts of this foundation
|
|
are accessed via libisoburn, which is closely related to xorriso.
|
|
|
|
libisoburn provides two services:
|
|
- Encapsulation of coordination between libisofs and libburn.
|
|
- Emulation of ISO 9660 multi-session on overwriteable media
|
|
or random access files.
|
|
|
|
The sourcecode of all three libraries is included in the xorriso standalone
|
|
tarball. It is compiled with xorriso and linked statically.
|
|
But you may as well get and install releases of libburn and libisofs, in order
|
|
to be able to install a release of libisoburn which produces libisoburn.so.1
|
|
and a matching dynamically linked xorriso binary.
|
|
This binary is leaner but depends on properly installed libraries of suitable
|
|
revision.
|
|
|
|
Dynamic library and compile time header requirements for libisoburn-0.5.6 :
|
|
- libburn.so.4 , version libburn-0.7.8 or higher
|
|
- libisofs.so.6 , version libisofs-0.6.32 or higher
|
|
libisoburn and xorriso will not start with libraries which are older than their
|
|
headers seen at compile time. So compile in the oldest possible installation
|
|
setup unless you have reason to enforce a newer bug fix level.
|
|
|
|
GNU xorriso has less runtime dependencies and can be moved more freely.
|
|
|
|
|
|
System Dependend Drive Permission Examples
|
|
|
|
Accessing the optical drives requires privileges which usually are granted
|
|
only to the superuser. GNU/Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris offer quite different
|
|
approaches for avoiding the need for unrestricted privileges.
|
|
|
|
First check whether some friendly system setting already allows you to
|
|
access the drives as normal user:
|
|
xorriso -devices
|
|
Those drives of which you see address and type strings are already usable.
|
|
|
|
If there remain drives invisible which the superuser can see by the same
|
|
command, then the following examples might help:
|
|
|
|
---------------------
|
|
On all three systems:
|
|
---------------------
|
|
Add the authorized users of CD drives to group "floppy" in /etc/group.
|
|
If missing: create this group.
|
|
Changes to /etc/group often only affect new login sessions. So log out and in
|
|
before making the first tests.
|
|
|
|
-------------
|
|
On GNU/Linux:
|
|
-------------
|
|
Allow rw-access to the drives
|
|
chgrp floppy /dev/sr0 /dev/sr1
|
|
chmod g+rw /dev/sr0 /dev/sr1
|
|
It might be necessary to perform chgrp and chmod after each reboot or to
|
|
edit distro dependent device configuration files for permanent settings.
|
|
|
|
-----------
|
|
On FreeBSD:
|
|
-----------
|
|
Edit /etc/devfs.rules and make sure to have these lines
|
|
[localrules=10]
|
|
add path 'acd*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
add path 'cd*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
add path 'pass*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
add path 'xpt*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
[localrules=5]
|
|
add path 'pass*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
add path 'cd*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
add path 'xpt*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
add path 'acd*' mode 0664 group floppy
|
|
|
|
Edit /etc/rc.conf and add the following line if missing
|
|
devfs_system_ruleset="localrules"
|
|
|
|
This gets into effect by reboot or by command
|
|
/etc/rc.d/devfs start
|
|
|
|
-----------
|
|
On Solaris:
|
|
-----------
|
|
Run xorriso by
|
|
pfexec xorriso ...arguments...
|
|
|
|
The following settings will make pfexec keep original UID and EUID and prevent
|
|
most superuser powers. Be aware that you still can manipulate all device files
|
|
if you have the file permissions for that.
|
|
Full root privileges for xorriso can then be aquired only by command su.
|
|
|
|
Edit /etc/security/exec_attr and add this line to the other "Media Backup"
|
|
lines:
|
|
Media Backup:solaris:cmd:::/usr/local/bin/xorriso:privs=basic,sys_devices
|
|
Edit /etc/user_attr and add profile "Media Backup" to the user's line:
|
|
thomas::::profiles=Media Backup,Primary Administrator;roles=root
|
|
See also man privileges, man exec_attr, man user_attr.
|
|
|
|
Then allow the group r-access to the drives
|
|
pfexec chgrp floppy /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0s2 /dev/rdsk/c4t0d0s2
|
|
pfexec chmod g+r /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0s2 /dev/rdsk/c4t0d0s2
|
|
The last two commands have to be executed after each boot. I do not know
|
|
the relevant device configuration files yet.
|
|
|
|
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
|
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 or later
|
|
as published by the Free Software Foundation.
|
|
|
|
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
|
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
|
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
|
GNU General Public License for more details.
|
|
|
|
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
|
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
|
|
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|
|
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
GNU xorriso is feature-wise equivalent to the dynamic compilation of
|
|
libburnia libraries and libburnia program xorriso.
|
|
It restricts itself to a technical form where the legal commitments of the
|
|
libburnia project and the legal intentions of FSF match completely.
|
|
|
|
Libburnia project is committed to provide support for this copy in the same
|
|
way as for its own software releases. It is further committed to keep its
|
|
own licenses open for obtaining future copies under GPLv2+.
|
|
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
libburnia program xorriso is based on and sub project of:
|
|
libburnia-project.org
|
|
By Mario Danic <mario.danic@gmail.com>, libburn, libisofs
|
|
Vreixo Formoso <metalpain2002@yahoo.es>, libisofs, libisoburn
|
|
Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>, libburn, libisofs,
|
|
libisoburn, xorriso
|
|
Copyright (C) 2006-2010 Mario Danic, Vreixo Formoso, Thomas Schmitt.
|
|
|
|
libburnia-project.org is inspired by and in libburn still containing parts
|
|
of old
|
|
Libburn. By Derek Foreman <derek@signalmarketing.com> and
|
|
Ben Jansens <xor@orodu.net>
|
|
Copyright (C) 2002-2006 Derek Foreman and Ben Jansens
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
This text itself is
|
|
Copyright (c) 2007 - 2010 Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>
|
|
and is freely distributable.
|
|
It shall only be modified in sync with the technical properties of xorriso.
|
|
If you make use of the license to derive modified versions of xorriso
|
|
then you are entitled to modify this text under that same license.
|
|
|