1109 lines
43 KiB
Groff
1109 lines
43 KiB
Groff
.\" Hey, EMACS: -*- nroff -*-
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.TH CDRSKIN 1 "September 8, 2007"
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.\" Please adjust this date whenever revising the manpage.
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.\" for manpage-specific macros, see man(7)
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.SH NAME
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cdrskin \- burns preformatted data to CD-R[W], DVD-R[W], DVD+R[W], DVD-RAM
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via libburn.
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B cdrskin
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.RI [ options | track_source_addresses ]
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.br
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.PP
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.\" TeX users may be more comfortable with the \fB<whatever>\fP and
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.\" \fI<whatever>\fP escape sequences to invode bold face and italics,
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.\" respectively.
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.PP
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\fBcdrskin\fP is a program that provides some of cdrecord's options
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in a compatible way for CD media. With DVD it has its own ways.
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You do not need to be superuser for its daily usage.
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.PP
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.B Overview of features:
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.br
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Blanking of CD-RW and DVD-RW.
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.br
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Burning of data or audio tracks to CD,
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.br
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either in versatile Track at Once mode (TAO)
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.br
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or in Session at Once mode for seamless tracks.
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.br
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Multi session on CD (follow-up sessions in TAO only)
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.br
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or on DVD-R[W] (in Incremental mode) or on DVD+R.
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.br
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Single session on DVD-RW or DVD-R (Disk-at-once)
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.br
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or on overwriteable DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM,
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.br
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or on data file or block device.
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.br
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Bus scan, burnfree, speed options, retrieving media info, padding, fifo.
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.br
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See section EXAMPLES at the end of this text.
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.PP
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.B General information paragraphs:
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.br
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Track recording model
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.br
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Write mode selection
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.br
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Recordable CD Media
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.br
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Sequentially Recordable DVD Media
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.br
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Overwriteable DVD Media
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.br
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Drive preparation and addressing
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.PP
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.B Track recording model:
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.br
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The input-output entities which get processed are called tracks.
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A \fBtrack\fP stores a stream of bytes.
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.br
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Each track is initiated by one track source address argument, which may either
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be "-" for standard input or the address of a readable file. If no write mode
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is given explicitely then one will be chosen which matches the peculiarities
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of track sources and the state of the output media.
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.PP
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More than one track can be burned by a single run of cdrskin.
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In the terms of the MMC standard all tracks written by the same run constitute
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a \fBsession\fP.
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.br
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Some media types can be kept appendable so that further tracks can
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be written to them in subsequent runs of cdrskin (see option -multi).
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Info about the addresses of burned tracks is kept in a table of
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content (TOC) on media and can be retrieved via cdrskin option -toc.
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These informations are also used by the operating systems' CD-ROM read drivers.
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.PP
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In general there are two types of tracks: data and audio. They differ in
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sector size, throughput and readability via the systems' CD-ROM drivers
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resp. by music CD players. With DVD there is only type data.
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.br
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If not explicitely option -audio is given, then any track is burned as type
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data, unless the track source is a file with suffix ".wav" or ".au" and has a
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header part which identifies it as MS-WAVE resp. SUN Audio with suitable
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parameters. Such files are burned as audio tracks by default.
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.PP
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While audio tracks just contain a given time span of acoustic vibrations,
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data tracks may have an arbitray meaning. Nevertheless, ISO-9660 filesystems
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are established as a format which can represent a tree of directories and
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files on all major operating systems. Such filesystem images can be
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produced by programs mkisofs or genisoimage. They can also be extended by
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follow-up tracks if prepared properly. See the man pages of said programs.
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cdrskin is able to fulfill the needs about their option -C.
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.br
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Another type of data track content are archive formats which originally
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have been developed for magnetic tapes. Only formats which mark a detectable
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end-of-archive in their data are suitable, though. Well tested are
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the archivers afio and star. Not suitable seems GNU tar.
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.PP
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.B Write mode selection:
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.br
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If none of the options -dao, -tao or -sao is given then the program will
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try to choose a write mode which matches the defined recording job,
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the capabilities of the drive and the state of the present media.
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.br
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So the mentioning of write modes in the following paragraphs and in the
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examples is not so much a demand that the user shall choose one explicitely,
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but rather an illustration of what to expect with particular media types.
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.PP
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.B Recordable CD Media:
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.br
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CD-R can be initially written only once and eventually extended until they
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get closed (or are spoiled because they are overly full). After that they are
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read-only. Closing is done automatically unless option
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.B -multi
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is given which keeps the media appendable.
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.br
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There are two write modes,
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.B -tao
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and
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.B -sao .
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.br
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-tao allows to use track source of unpredictable length (like stdin) and allows
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to write further sessions to appendable media. -sao produces audio sessions
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with seamless tracks but needs predicted track sizes and cannot append sessions
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to media.
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.br
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CD-RW media can be blanked to make them re-usable for another
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round of overwriting. Usually
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.B blank=fast
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is the appropriate option.
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Blanking damages the previous content but does not
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make it completely unreadable. It is no effective privacy precaution.
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Multiple cycles of blanking and overwriting with random numbers might be.
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.PP
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.B Sequentially Recordable DVD Media:
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.br
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Currently DVD-RW, DVD-R and DVD+R can be used for the Sequential recording
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model.
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.br
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DVD-RW must be in state "Sequential Recording".
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The media must be either blank or appendable.
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Newly purchased DVD-RW and DVD-R media are in this state.
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Used DVD-RW get into blank sequential state by option
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.B blank=deformat_sequential .
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.br
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With DVD-R[W] two write modes may be available:
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.br
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Mode DAO has many restrictions. It does not work with
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appendable media, allows no -multi and only a single track. The size of the
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track needs to be known in advance. So either its source has to be a disk file
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of recognizable size or the size has to be announced explicitely by options
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.B tsize=
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or
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.B tao_to_sao_tsize= .
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.br
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DAO is the only mode for media which do not offer feature 21h Incremental
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Streaming. DAO may also be selected explicitely by option
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.B -sao .
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Program growisofs uses DAO on sequential DVD-R[W] media for maximum
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DVD-ROM/-Video compatibility.
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.br
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The other mode, Incremental Streaming, is the default write mode if
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it is available and if the restrictions of DAO would prevent the job.
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Incremental Streaming may be selected explicitely by option
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.B -tao
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as it resembles much CD TAO by allowing track sources of
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unpredicted length and to keep media appendable by option
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.B -multi .
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The only restriction towards CD-R[W] is the lack of support for -audio tracks.
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Multiple tracks per session are permissible.
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.br
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The write modes for DVD+R resemble those with DVD-R except that with DVD+R
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each track gets wrapped in an own session. There is no -dummy writing with
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DVD+R.
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.br
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Quite deliberately write mode -sao insists in the tradition of a predicted
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track size and blank media, whereas -tao writes the tracks open ended and
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allows appendable media.
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.br
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.B Note:
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Option -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM drives.
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Best reader compatibility is achieved without it
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(i.e. by single session media).
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.PP
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.B Overwriteable DVD Media:
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.br
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Currently types DVD+RW, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM can be overwritten via cdrskin.
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.br
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DVD+RW and DVD-RAM media need no special initial formatting. They offer a
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single continuous data area for blockwise random access.
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.br
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Option -audio is not allowed. Only one track is allowed.
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Option -multi cannot mark a recognizeable end of overwriteable media.
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Therefore -multi is banned unless ISO-9660 images shall be expandable by help
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of option --grow_overwriteable_iso.
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Without this option or without an ISO-9660 filesystem image present
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on media, -toc does not return information about the media content and
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media get treated as blank regardless wether they hold data or not.
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.br
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Currently there is no difference between -sao and -tao. If ever, then -tao
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will be the mode which preserves the current behavior.
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.br
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DVD-RW are sold in state "Sequential Recording". To become suitable for the
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Overwriteable DVD recording model they need to get formatted to state
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"Restricted Overwrite". Then they behave much like DVD+RW. This formatting
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can be done by option
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.B blank=format_overwrite .
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.br
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Several programs like dvd+rw-format, cdrecord, wodim, or cdrskin
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can bring a DVD-RW out of overwriteable state so
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that it has to be formatted again. If in doubt, just give it a try.
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.PP
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.B Drive preparation and addressing:
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.br
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The drives, either CD burners or DVD burners, are accessed via addresses which
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are specific to libburn and the operating system. Those addresses get listed
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by a run of \fBcdrskin --devices\fP.
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.br
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On Linux, they are device files which traditionally do not offer
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w-permissions for normal users. Because libburn needs rw-permission,
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it might be only the
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.B superuser
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who is able to get this list without further
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precautions.
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.br
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It is consensus that \fBchmod a+rw /dev/sr0\fP or \fBchmod a+rw /dev/hdc\fP
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is less security sensitive than chmod u+s /usr/bin/cdrskin. The risk for the
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drive is somewhat higher but the overall system is much less at stake.
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.br
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.PP
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If you only got one CD capable drive then you may leave out cdrskin option
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\fBdev=\fP. Else you should use this option to address the drive you want.
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.br
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cdrskin option dev= not only accepts the listed addresses but also
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traditional cdrecord SCSI addresses which on Linux consist of three
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numbers: Bus,Target,Lun. There is also a related address family "ATA" which
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accesses IDE drives not under control of Linux SCSI drivers:
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ATA:Bus,Target,Lun.
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.br
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See option -scanbus for getting a list of cdrecord style addresses.
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.br
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Further are accepted on Linux: links to libburn-suitable device files,
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device files which have the same major and minor device number,
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and device files which have the same SCSI address parameters (e.g. /dev/sg0).
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.br
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.PP
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Option --allow_emulated_drives enables addressing of pseudo-drives
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which get emulated on top of a regular data file or a block device.
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The target file address is given after prefix "stdio:".
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.br
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E.g.: dev=stdio:/tmp/my_pseudo_drive
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.br
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Warning: Superusers must take care not to spoil their hard disk via its raw
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block device (like /dev/hda or /dev/sd0).
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.br
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Pseudo-drives behave much like DVD-RAM. They allow -dummy, nevertheless, and
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their reply with --tell_media_space is utopic. If the given address does
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not exist yet, then it gets created as regular file.
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Note: -dummy runs touch the file.
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.br
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.SH OPTIONS
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.TP
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.BI \-\-help
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Show non-cdrecord compatible options.
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.TP
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.BI \-help
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Show cdrecord compatible options.
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.TP
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.BI \-version
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Print cdrskin id line, compatibility lure line, libburn version, cdrskin
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version, version timestamp, build timestamp (if available), and then exit.
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.PP
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Alphabetical list of options which are intended to be compatible with
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original cdrecord by Joerg Schilling:
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.TP
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.BI \-atip
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Retrieve some info about media state. With CD-RW print "Is erasable".
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With DVD media print "book type:" and a media type text.
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.TP
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.BI \-audio
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Announces that the subsequent tracks are to be burned as audio.
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The source is supposed to be uncompressed headerless PCM, 44100 Hz, 16 bit,
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stereo. For little-endian byte order (which is usual on PCs) use option
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-swab. Unless marked explicitely by option -data, input files with suffix
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".wav" are examined wether they have a header in MS-WAVE format confirming
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those parameters and eventually raw audio data get extracted and burned as
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audio track. Same is done for suffix ".au" and SUN Audio.
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.br
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Option -audio may be used only with CD media and not with DVD.
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.TP
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.BI blank= type
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Blank a CD-RW, a DVD-RW, or format a DVD+/-RW.
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This is combinable with burning in the same run of cdrskin.
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The type given with blank= selects the particular behavior:
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.RS
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.TP
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help
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Print this list of blanking types.
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.TP
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all
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Blank an entire CD-RW or an unformatted DVD-RW.
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(See also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso)
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.TP
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fast
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Minimally blank an entire CD-RW or blank an unformatted DVD-RW.
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(See also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso)
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.TP
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format_overwrite
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Format a DVD-RW to "Restricted Overwrite". The user should bring some patience.
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.br
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(Note: blank=format_overwrite* are not original cdrecord options.)
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.TP
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format_overwrite_quickest
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Like format_overwrite without creating a 128 MiB trailblazer session.
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Leads to "intermediate" state which only allows sequential write
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beginning from address 0.
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The "intermediate" state ends after the first session of writing data.
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.TP
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format_overwrite_full
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For DVD-RW this is like format_overwrite but claims full media size
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rather than just 128 MiB.
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Most traditional formatting is attempted. No data get written.
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Much patience is required.
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.br
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This option treats already formatted media even if not option -force is given.
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.br
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For DVD+RW this is the only supported explicit formatting type. It provides
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complete "de-icing" so no reader slips on unwritten data areas.
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.TP
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deformat_sequential
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Like blank=all but with the additional ability to blank overwriteable DVD-RW.
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This will destroy their formatting and make them sequentially recordable.
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Another peculiarity is the ability to blank media which appear already blank.
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This is similar to option -force but does not try to blank media other than
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recognizable CD-RW and DVD-RW.
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.br
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(Note: blank=deformat_sequential* are not original cdrecord options.)
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.TP
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deformat_sequential_quickest
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Like blank=deformat_sequential but blanking DVD-RW only minimally.
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This is faster than full blanking but may yield media incapable of
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Incremental Streaming (-tao).
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.RE
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.TP
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.BI \-checkdrive
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Retrieve some info about the addressed drive.
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Exits with non-zero value if the drive cannot be found and opened.
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.TP
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.BI \-dao
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Alias for option -sao. Write CD in Session at Once mode
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or DVD-R[W] in Disc-at-once mode.
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.TP
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.BI \-data
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Subsequent tracks are data tracks. This option is default and only needed
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to mark the end of the range of an eventual option -audio.
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.TP
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.BI dev= target
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Set the address of the drive to use. Valid are at least the
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addresses listed with option --devices,
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X,Y,Z addresses listed with option -scanbus,
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ATA:X,Y,Z addresses listed with options dev=ATA -scanbus,
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and volatile libburn drive numbers (numbering starts at "0").
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Other device file addresses which lead to the same drive might work too.
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.br
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If no dev= is given, volatile address "dev=0" is assumed. That is the first
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drive found being available. Better avoid this ambiguity on systems with more
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than one drive.
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.br
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The special target "help" lists hints about available addressing formats.
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Be aware that deprecated option --old_pseudo_scsi_adr may change the meaning
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of Bus,Target,Lun addresses.
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.TP
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.BI driveropts= opt
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Set "driveropts=noburnfree" to disable the drive's eventual protection
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mechanism against temporary lack of source data (i.e. buffer underrun).
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A drive that announces no such capabilities will not get them enabled anyway,
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even if attempted explicitely via "driveropts=burnfree".
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.TP
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.BI \-dummy
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Try to perform the drive operations without actually affecting the inserted
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media. There is no warranty that this will work with a particular combination
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of drive, media, and write mode. Blanking is prevented reliably, though.
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To avoid inadverted real burning, -dummy refuses burn runs on anything but
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CD-R[W] and DVD-R[W].
|
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.TP
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.BI \-eject
|
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Eject the disc after work is done.
|
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.TP
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.BI \-force
|
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Assume that the user knows better in situations when cdrskin or libburn are
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insecure about drive or media state. This includes the attempt to blank
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media which are classified as unknown or unsuitable, and the attempt to use
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write modes which libburn believes they are not supported by the drive.
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.br
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Another application is to enforce blanking or re-formatting of media
|
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which appear to be in the desired blank or format state already.
|
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.br
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This option enables a burn run with option -dummy even if libburn believes
|
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that drive and media will not simulate the write mode but will write for real.
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.br
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|
.B Caution:
|
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Use this only when in urgent need.
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.TP
|
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.BI fs= size
|
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Set the fifo size to the given value. The value may have appended letters which
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multiply the preceding number:
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.br
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"k" or "K" = 1024 , "m" or "M" = 1024k , "g" or "G" = 1024m , "s" or "S" = 2048
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.br
|
|
Set size to 0 in order to disable the fifo (default is "4m").
|
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.br
|
|
The fifo buffers an eventual temporary surplus of track source data in order to
|
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provide the drive with a steady stream during times of temporary lack of track
|
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source supply.
|
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The larger the fifo, the longer periods of poor source supply can be
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compensated.
|
|
But a large fifo needs substantial time to fill up if not curbed via
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option fifo_start_at=size.
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.TP
|
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.BI gracetime= seconds
|
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Set the grace time before starting to write. (Default is 0)
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.TP
|
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.BI -isosize
|
|
The next track following this option will try to obtain its source size from
|
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the header information out of the first few blocks of the source data.
|
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If these blocks indicate an ISO-9660 filesystem then its declared size
|
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will be used under the assumption that it is a single session filesystem.
|
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.br
|
|
If not, then the burn run will be aborted.
|
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.br
|
|
The range of -isosize is exactly one track. Further tracks may be preceeded
|
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by further -isosize options, though. At least 15 blocks of padding will be
|
|
added to each -isosize track. But be advised to rather use padsize=300k.
|
|
.br
|
|
This option can be performed on track sources which are regular files or block
|
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devices. For the first track of the session it can be performed on any type
|
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of source if there is a fifo of at least 64 kiB. See option fs= .
|
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.TP
|
|
.BI minbuf= percentage
|
|
Equivalent to:
|
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.br
|
|
modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=<percentage>:max_percent=95
|
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.br
|
|
Percentage is permissible between 25 and 95.
|
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.TP
|
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.BI msifile= path
|
|
Run option -msinfo and copy the result line into the file given by path.
|
|
Unlike -msinfo this option does not redirect all normal output away from
|
|
standard output. But it may be combined with -msinfo to achieve this.
|
|
.br
|
|
Note: msifile=path is actually an option of wodim and not of cdrecord.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-msinfo
|
|
Retrieve multi-session info for preparing a follow-up session by option -C
|
|
of programs mkisofs or genisoimage. Print result to standard output.
|
|
This option redirects to stderr all message output except the one of option
|
|
--tell_media_space and its own result string, which consists of two numbers.
|
|
The result string shall be used as argument of option -C with said programs.
|
|
It gives the start address of the most recent session and the predicted
|
|
start address of the next session to be appended. The string is empty if
|
|
the most recent session was not written with option -multi.
|
|
.br
|
|
To have a chance for working on overwriteable media, this option has to be
|
|
accompanied by option --grow_overwriteable_iso.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-multi
|
|
This option keeps the CD or unformatted DVD-R[W] appendable after the current
|
|
session has been written.
|
|
Without it the disc gets closed and may not be written any more - unless it
|
|
is a -RW and gets blanked which causes loss of its content.
|
|
.br
|
|
The following sessions can only be written in -tao mode. -multi is prohibited
|
|
with DVD-R[W] DAO write mode. Option --prodvd_cli_compatible eventually makes
|
|
-multi tolerable but cannot make it work.
|
|
.br
|
|
In order to have all filesystem content accessible, the eventual ISO-9660
|
|
filesystem of a follow-up
|
|
session needs to be prepared in a special way by the filesystem formatter
|
|
program. mkisofs and genisoimage expect particular info about the situation
|
|
which can be retrieved by cdrskin option -msinfo.
|
|
.br
|
|
To retrieve an archive file which was written as follow-up session,
|
|
you may use option -toc to learn about the "lba" of the desired track number.
|
|
This lba is the address of the 2048 byte block where the archive begins.
|
|
.br
|
|
With overwriteable DVD media, -multi cannot mark the end of the session.
|
|
So when adding a new session this end has to be determined from the payload.
|
|
Currently only ISO-9660 filesystems can be used that way. See option
|
|
.B \--grow_overwriteable_iso
|
|
for lifting the ban on -multi.
|
|
.br
|
|
Note: -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM drives.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-nopad
|
|
Do not add trailing zeros to the data stream. Nevertheless, since there seems
|
|
to be no use for audio tracks with incomplete last sector, this option applies
|
|
only to data tracks. There it is default.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-pad
|
|
Add 30 kiB of trailing zeros to each data track. (This is not sufficient to
|
|
avoid problems with various CD-ROM read drivers.)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI padsize= size
|
|
Add the given amount of trailing zeros to the next data track. This option
|
|
gets reset to padsize=0 after that next track is written. It may be set
|
|
again before the next track argument. About size specifiers, see option fs=.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-raw96r
|
|
Write CD in RAW/RAW96R mode. This mode allows to put more payload bytes
|
|
into a CD sector but obviously at the cost of error correction. It can only
|
|
be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. Some drives allow this mode but
|
|
then behave strange or even go bad for the next few attempts to burn a CD.
|
|
One should use it only if inavoidable.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-sao
|
|
Write CD in Session At Once mode, a sequential DVD-R[W] in Disc-at-once
|
|
(DAO) mode, or a DVD+R.
|
|
.br
|
|
With CD this mode is able to put several audio tracks on media without
|
|
producing audible gaps between them.
|
|
.br
|
|
With DVD-R[W] this mode can only write a single track.
|
|
No -multi is allowed with DVD-R[W] -sao.
|
|
.br
|
|
-sao is permissible with overwriteable DVD and with DVD+R but actually only
|
|
imposes restrictions without providing known advantages.
|
|
.br
|
|
-sao can only be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. This implies that
|
|
track arguments which depict stdin or named pipes need to be preceeded by
|
|
option tsize= or by option tao_to_sao_tsize=.
|
|
.br
|
|
-sao cannot be used on appendable media.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-scanbus
|
|
Scan the system for drives. On Linux the drives at /dev/s* and at /dev/hd*
|
|
are to be scanned by two separate runs. One without dev= for /dev/s* and
|
|
one with dev=ATA for /dev/hd* devices. (Option --drives lists all available
|
|
drives in a single run.)
|
|
.br
|
|
Drives which are busy or which offer no rw-permission to the user of cdrskin
|
|
are not listed. Busy drives get reported in form of warning messages.
|
|
.br
|
|
The useful fields in a result line are:
|
|
.br
|
|
Bus,Target,Lun Number) 'Vendor' 'Mode' 'Revision'
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI speed= number
|
|
Set speed of drive. With data CD, 1x speed corresponds to a throughput of
|
|
150,000 bytes/second. With DVD, 1x = 1,385,000 bytes/second.
|
|
It is not an error to set a speed higher than is suitable for drive
|
|
and media. One should stay within a realistic speed range, though.
|
|
Special speed settings are:
|
|
.br
|
|
0 = minimal speed , -1 = maximal speed (default), text "any" = like -1.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-swab
|
|
Announce that the raw audio data source of subsequent tracks is byte swapped
|
|
versus the expectations of cdrecord. This option is suitable for audio where
|
|
the least significant byte of a 16 bit word is first (little-endian, Intel).
|
|
Most raw audio data on PC systems are available in this byte order.
|
|
Less guesswork is needed if track sources are in format MS-WAVE in a file with
|
|
suffix ".wav".
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-tao
|
|
Write CD in Track At Once (TAO) mode, sequential DVD-R[W] in Incremental
|
|
Streaming mode, or DVD+R without traditional -sao restrictions.
|
|
This mode also applies pro-forma to overwriteable DVD media.
|
|
.br
|
|
Mode -tao can be used with track sources of unpredictable size, like standard
|
|
input or named pipes. It is also the only mode that can be used for writing
|
|
to appendable media which already hold data. With unformatted DVD-R[W] it is
|
|
the only mode which allows -multi.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-toc
|
|
Print the table of content (TOC) which describes the tracks recorded on disc.
|
|
The output contains all info from option -atip plus lines which begin with
|
|
"track:", the track number, the word "lba:" and a number which gives the
|
|
start address of the track. Addresses are counted in CD sectors which with
|
|
SAO or TAO data tracks hold 2048 bytes each.
|
|
.RS
|
|
.TP
|
|
Example. Retrieve an afio archive from track number 2:
|
|
.br
|
|
tracknumber=2
|
|
.br
|
|
lba=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/cdrom -toc 2>&1 | \\
|
|
.br
|
|
grep '^track:[ ]*[ 0-9][0-9]' | \\
|
|
.br
|
|
tail +"$tracknumber" | head -1 | \\
|
|
.br
|
|
awk '{ print $4}' )
|
|
.br
|
|
dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 skip="$lba" | \\
|
|
.br
|
|
afio -t - | less
|
|
.RE
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI tsize= size
|
|
Announces the exact size of the next track source. This is necessary with any
|
|
write mode other than -tao if the track source is not a regular disk file, but
|
|
e.g. "-" (standard input) or a named pipe.
|
|
About size specifiers, see option fs=.
|
|
.br
|
|
If the track source does not deliver the predicted amount of bytes, the
|
|
remainder of the track is padded with zeros. This is not considered an error.
|
|
If on the other hand the track source delivers more than the announced bytes
|
|
then the track on media gets truncated to the predicted size and cdrskin exits
|
|
with non-zero value.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \-v
|
|
Increment verbose level by one. Startlevel is 0 with only few messages.
|
|
Level 1 prints progress report with long running operations and also causes
|
|
some extra lines to be put out with info retrieval options.
|
|
Level 2 additionally reports about option settings derived from arguments or
|
|
startup files. Level 3 is for debugging and useful mainly in conjunction with
|
|
somebody who had a look into the program sourcecode.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Alphabetical list of options which are genuine to cdrskin and intended for
|
|
normal use:
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--adjust_speed_to_drive
|
|
Curb explicitely given speed= values to the maximum which is announced by the
|
|
drive for the loaded media. By default, such an adjustment is only made with
|
|
pseudo-speeds 0 and -1 whereas speed settings > 0 are sent unchanged to the
|
|
drive which will then choose an appropriate speed on its own.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--allow_emulated_drives
|
|
Enable drive addresses of the form dev=stdio:<path>. See above, paragraph
|
|
"Drive preparation and addressing".
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--allow_setuid
|
|
Disable the loud warning about insecure discrepance between login user and
|
|
effective user which indicates application of chmod u+s to the program binary.
|
|
One should not do this chmod u+s , but it is an old cdrecord tradition.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--any_track
|
|
Allow source_addresses to begin with "-" (plus further characters) or to
|
|
contain a "=" character.
|
|
By default such arguments are seen as misspelled options. It is nevertheless
|
|
not possible to use one of the options listed with --list_ignored_options.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI assert_write_lba= block_number | byte_address
|
|
Abort if the write address given with this option is not the same as predicted
|
|
immediately before the write session starts. This option can ensure that a
|
|
start address which was presumed by a formatter like mkisofs -C is really used
|
|
by the drive for writing.
|
|
assert_write_lba=0 effectively demands blank media and excludes appendables.
|
|
.br
|
|
Block numbering is peculiar: If the last character of the option string is
|
|
a letter [a-zA-Z] then the usual unit scaling by "s", "k", "m", etc. applies
|
|
and the result is divided by 2048. Else the number value of the string is
|
|
taken as plain block number with block size 2048 byte.
|
|
(E.g ...=1000 or ...=1000s means block 1000, ...=1m means block
|
|
512, ...=4096b means block number 2)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--demand_a_drive
|
|
Exit with a nonzero value if no drive can be found during a bus scan.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--devices
|
|
List the device file addresses of all accessible CD drives. In order to get
|
|
listed, a drive has to offer rw-permission for the cdrskin user and it may
|
|
not be busy. The superuser should be able to see all idle drives listed and
|
|
busy drives reported as "SORRY" messages.
|
|
.br
|
|
Each available drive gets listed by a line containing the following fields:
|
|
.br
|
|
Number dev='Devicefile' rw-Permissions : 'Vendor' 'Model'
|
|
.br
|
|
Number and Devicefile can both be used with option dev=, but number is
|
|
volatile (numbering changes if drives become busy).
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI direct_write_amount= size
|
|
Do not write a session with tracks but rather make an appropriate number of
|
|
direct write operations with no preparations. Flushing the drive buffer will
|
|
be the only finalization. It is advised to eject the media afterwards because
|
|
the write operations circumvent the usual system i/o with its caches and
|
|
buffers. By ejecting, those invalid memory copies get surely discarded.
|
|
.br
|
|
Only few media can be written this way: DVD-RAM, RVD+RW and overwriteable
|
|
DVD-RW. Writing is restricted to the already formatted area of the media.
|
|
.br
|
|
Writing starts at byte 0 of the media or at the address given by option
|
|
.B write_start_address= .
|
|
Only the first track source is used as input for the write operations.
|
|
The fifo (fs=) is disabled.
|
|
.br
|
|
Parameter
|
|
.B size
|
|
controls the amount of data to be written. Size 0 means that the track source
|
|
shall be used up until EOF. In this case, the last write transaction gets
|
|
padded up to the necessary size by zeros. Size -1 revokes direct writing
|
|
and switches back to normal session oriented writing.
|
|
.br
|
|
Both, write_start_address and direct_write_amount size must be aligned to a
|
|
media dependend transaction size. With DVD-RAM and DVD+RW this is 2k, with
|
|
overwriteable DVD-RW it is 32k.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI fifo_start_at= size
|
|
Do not wait for full fifo but start burning as soon as the given number
|
|
of bytes is read. This option may be helpful to bring the average throughput
|
|
near to the maximum throughput of a drive. A large fs= and a small
|
|
fifo_start_at= combine a quick burn start and a large savings buffer to
|
|
compensate for temporary lack of source data. At the beginning of burning,
|
|
the software protection against buffer underun is as weak as the size of
|
|
fifo_start_at= . So it is best if the drive offers hardware protection which
|
|
is enabled automatically if not driveropts=noburnfree is given.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--grow_overwriteable_iso
|
|
Enable emulation of multi-session writing on overwriteable media which
|
|
contain an ISO-9660 filesystem. This emulation is learned from growisofs -M
|
|
but adapted to the usage model of
|
|
.br
|
|
.B cdrskin -msinfo ; mkisofs -C -M | cdrskin [-multi] -
|
|
.br
|
|
--grow_overwriteable_iso does not hamper the use of true multi-session media.
|
|
I.e. it is possible to use the same cdrskin options with both kinds of media
|
|
and to achieve similar results if ISO-9660 filesystem images are to be written.
|
|
This option implies option -isosize and therefore demands that the track
|
|
source is a ISO-9660 filesystem image.
|
|
.br
|
|
With overwriteable media and no option blank=fast|all present it expands an
|
|
eventual ISO-9660 filesystem on media. It is assumed that this image's inner
|
|
size description points to the end of the valuable data.
|
|
Overwriteable media with a recognizeable ISO-9660 size will be regarded as
|
|
appendable rather than as blank. I.e. options -msinfo and -toc will work.
|
|
-toc will always show a single session with its size increasing with
|
|
every added mkisofs image.
|
|
.br
|
|
If not overriden by option write_start_address=, the track with the new image
|
|
will be placed behind the end of the old one. One may use option
|
|
assert_write_lba= to make sure that media state and mkisofs job do match.
|
|
.br
|
|
--grow_overwriteable_iso causes option blank=fast|all to invalidate an
|
|
eventual ISO-9660 image by altering the first few bytes of block 16 on
|
|
overwriteable media.
|
|
Option -multi is tolerated in order not to hamper true multi-session media.
|
|
.br
|
|
Note: The equivalent of growisofs -Z is
|
|
.br
|
|
.B mkisofs | cdrskin --grow_overwriteable_iso blank=fast [-multi]
|
|
.br
|
|
growisofs -dvd-compat is roughly equivalent to cdrskin without option -multi.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--list_ignored_options
|
|
List all ignored cdrecord options. The "-" options cannot be used as addresses
|
|
of track sources. No track source address may begin with a text equal to an
|
|
option which ends by "=". The list is ended by an empty line.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--no_rc
|
|
Only if used as first command line argument this option prevents reading and
|
|
interpretation of eventual startup files. See section FILES below.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--prodvd_cli_compatible
|
|
Activates behavior modifications with some DVD situations which bring cdrskin
|
|
nearer to the behavior of cdrecord-ProDVD:
|
|
.br
|
|
Option -multi with unsuitable media is not an error but simply has no effect.
|
|
.br
|
|
Options blank=fast and blank=all deformat overwriteable DVD-RW media.
|
|
.br
|
|
Option blank=fast does indeed minmal blanking with DVD-RW. This may yield media
|
|
which can only do DAO but not Incremental Streaming.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--single_track
|
|
Accept only the last argument of the command line as track source address.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI tao_to_sao_tsize= size
|
|
Set an exact fixed size for the next track to be in effect only if the track
|
|
source cannot deliver a size prediction and no tsize= was specified and an
|
|
exact track size prediction is demanded by the write mode.
|
|
.br
|
|
This was the fallback from bad old times when cdrskin was unable to burn
|
|
in mode -tao . It came back with minimally blanked DVD-RW which allow no
|
|
Incremental Streaming (-tao) resp. with explicitly selected write mode -sao
|
|
for best DVD-ROM compatibility.
|
|
.br
|
|
If the track source delivers less bytes than announced then the missing ones
|
|
will be filled with zeros.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI --tell_media_space
|
|
Prepare a recording session, do not perform it but rather inquire the
|
|
maximum number of 2048 byte data blocks which may be written in
|
|
the current state of media with the prepared setup. So this option disables
|
|
recording of data. It does allow blanking, though, and will measure space
|
|
afterwards.
|
|
.br
|
|
It is not mandatory to give track sources but their nature may influence
|
|
the available capacity. So for most realistic results one may set up
|
|
the full burn session and add --tell_media_space. But if one has to expect
|
|
a cdrskin version prior to 0.3.3 no track source should be given in order
|
|
not to start an involuntary burn session.
|
|
In this case set at least -sao or -tao explicitely.
|
|
.br
|
|
The result gets printed to standard output. It is 0 or empty if no writing
|
|
is possible with the given options.
|
|
This option redirects to stderr all message output except its own result
|
|
string and eventual output of -msinfo.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI write_start_address= byte_offset
|
|
Set the address on media where to start writing the track. With DVD+RW or
|
|
DVD-RAM byte_offset must be aligned to 2 kiB blocks, but better is 32 kiB.
|
|
With DVD-RW 32 kiB alignment is mandatory.
|
|
.br
|
|
Other media are not suitable for this option yet.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Alphabetical list of options which are only intended for very special
|
|
situations and not for normal use:
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--abort_handler
|
|
Establish default signal handling not to leave a drive in busy state
|
|
but rather to shut it down and to wait until it has ended the final operations.
|
|
This option is only needed for revoking eventual --ignore_signals or
|
|
--no_abort_handler.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--allow_untested_media
|
|
Enable the use of media profiles which have been implemented but not yet
|
|
tested. Currently this applies to :
|
|
.br
|
|
Profile 0015h , DVD-R/DL Sequential (will not allow -multi).
|
|
.br
|
|
Profile 002Bh , DVD+R/DL.
|
|
.br
|
|
If you really test such media, then please report the outcome on
|
|
libburn-hackers@pykix.org
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI dev_translation= <sep><from><sep><to>
|
|
Set drive address alias. This was necessary before cdrskin-0.2.4 to manually
|
|
translate cdrecord addresses into cdrskin addresses.
|
|
.br
|
|
<sep> is a single character which may not occur in the address string
|
|
<from>. <from> is an address as expected to be given by the user via option
|
|
dev=. <to> is the address to be used instead whenever <from> is given.
|
|
More than one translation instruction can be given in one cdrskin run.
|
|
.br
|
|
E.g.: dev_translation=+ATA:1,0,0+/dev/sr1 dev_translation=+ATA:1,1,0+/dev/sr2
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_abort_on_busy
|
|
Linux specific: Abort process if a busy drive is encountered.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_blocking
|
|
Linux specific: Try to wait for a busy drive to become free.
|
|
This is not guaranteed to work with all drivers. Some need nonblocking i/o.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_f_setlk
|
|
Linux specific: Try to get exclusive lock on drive device file via fcntl(2).
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_not_exclusive
|
|
Linux specific: Combine --drive_not_f_setlk and --drive_not_o_excl.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_not_f_setlk
|
|
Linux specific: Do not try to get exclusive lock on drive device file via
|
|
fcntl(2).
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_not_o_excl
|
|
Linux specific: Do not ask the operating system to prevent opening busy drives.
|
|
Wether this leads to senseful behavior depends on operating system and kernel.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI drive_scsi_dev_family= sr | scd | sg
|
|
Linux specific: Select a SCSI device file family to be used for drive command
|
|
transactions. Normally this is /dev/sgN on kernel versions < 2.6 and /dev/srN
|
|
on kernels >= 2.6 . This option allows to explicitely override that default
|
|
in order to meet other programs at a common device file for each drive.
|
|
On kernel 2.4 families sr and scd will find no drives.
|
|
.br
|
|
Device file family /dev/hdX on kernel >= 2.6 is not affected by this setting.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--drive_scsi_exclusive
|
|
Linux specific:
|
|
Try to exclusively reserve device files /dev/srN, /dev/scdM, /dev/sgK of drives.
|
|
This would be helpful to protect against collisions with program growisofs.
|
|
Regrettably on Linux kernel 2.4 with ide-scsi emulation this seems not to
|
|
work. Wether it becomes helpful with new Linux systems has to be evaluated.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--fifo_disable
|
|
Disable fifo despite any fs=.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--fifo_per_track
|
|
Use a separate fifo for each track.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--fill_up_media
|
|
Expand the last track of the session to occupy all remaining free space on
|
|
the media.
|
|
.br
|
|
This option overrides option -multi. It will not fill up media if option -sao
|
|
is given with CD media.
|
|
.br
|
|
.B Caution:
|
|
With multi-session media this option might increase readatibility on DVD-ROM
|
|
drives but with some DVD recorders and media types it might also fail to
|
|
produce readable media at all. "Your mileage may vary".
|
|
.br
|
|
You can expect the best possible read compatibility if you do not use -multi at
|
|
all.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI grab_drive_and_wait= seconds
|
|
Open the addressed drive, wait the given number of seconds, release the drive,
|
|
and do normal work as indicated by the other options used. This option helps
|
|
to explore the program behavior when faced with busy drives. Just start a
|
|
second cdrskin with option --devices while grab_drive_and_wait= is still
|
|
active.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--ignore_signals
|
|
Try to ignore any signals rather than to abort the program. This is not a
|
|
very good idea. You might end up waiting a very long time for cdrskin
|
|
to finish.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI modesty_on_drive= <mode>[:min_percent=<num>][:max_percent=<num>]
|
|
Mode 1 keeps the program from trying to write to the burner drive while its
|
|
buffer is in danger to be filled by more than max_percent. If this filling is
|
|
exceeded then the program will wait until the filling is at most min_percent.
|
|
.br
|
|
This can ease the load on operating system and drive controller and thus help
|
|
with achieving better input bandwidth if disk and burner are not on independent
|
|
controllers (like hda and hdb). Unsufficient input bandwidth is indicated by
|
|
output "(fifo xy%)" of option -v if xy is lower than 90 for some time.
|
|
modesty_on_drive= might hamper output bandwidth and cause buffer underruns.
|
|
.br
|
|
To have max_percent larger than the burner's best actual
|
|
buffer fill has the same effect as min_percent==max_percent. Some burners
|
|
do not use their full buffer with all media types. Watch output "[buf xy%]"
|
|
of option -v to get an impression of the actual buffer usage. Some burners
|
|
are not suitable because they report buffer fill with granularity too large
|
|
in size or time.
|
|
.br
|
|
Mode 0 disables this feature. Mode -1 keeps it unchanged. Default is:
|
|
.br
|
|
modesty_on_drive=0:min_percent=65:max_percent=95
|
|
.br
|
|
Percentages are permissible in the range of 25 to 100.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--no_abort_handler
|
|
On signals exit even if the drive is in busy state. This is not a very good
|
|
idea. You might end up with a stuck drive that refuses to hand out the media.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--no_blank_appendable
|
|
Refuse to blank appendable CD-RW or DVD-RW. This is a feature that was once
|
|
builtin with libburn. No information available for what use case it was needed.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--no_convert_fs_adr
|
|
Do only literal translations of dev=. This prevents cdrskin from test-opening
|
|
device files in order to find one that matches the given dev= specifier.
|
|
.br
|
|
Partly Linux specific:
|
|
Such opening is needed for Bus,Target,Lun addresses unless option
|
|
--old_pseudo_scsi_adr is given. It is also needed to resolve device file
|
|
addresses which are not listed with cdrskin --devices but nevertheless point
|
|
to a usable drive. (Like /dev/sg0 using the same SCSI address as /dev/sr0.)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BI \--old_pseudo_scsi_adr
|
|
Linux specific:
|
|
Use and report literal Bus,Target,Lun addresses rather than real SCSI and
|
|
pseudo ATA addresses. This method is outdated and was never compatible with
|
|
original cdrecord.
|
|
.br
|
|
.SH EXAMPLES
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Get an overview of drives and their addresses:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -scanbus
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=ATA -scanbus
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin --devices
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Get info about a particular drive or loaded media:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=0,1,0 -checkdrive
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=ATA:1,0,0 -v -atip
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -toc
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Make used CD-RW or used unformatted DVD-RW writable again:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sg1 blank=fast -eject
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=/dev/dvd blank=all -eject
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Format DVD-RW to avoid need for blanking before re-use:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B De-format DVD-RW to make it capable of multi-session again:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=deformat_sequential
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Write ISO-9660 filesystem image as only one to blank or formatted media:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=/dev/hdc speed=12 fs=8m \\
|
|
.br
|
|
-sao -eject padsize=300k my_image.iso
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Write compressed afio archive on-the-fly (not possible with minimally blanked DVD-RW):
|
|
.br
|
|
find . | afio -oZ - | \\
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=0,1,0 fs=32m speed=8 \\
|
|
.br
|
|
-tao padsize=300k -
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Write multi-session to the same CD, DVD-R[W] or DVD+R:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -multi -tao 1.iso
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -multi -tao 2.iso
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -multi -tao 3.iso
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -tao 4.iso
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Get multi-session info for option -C of program mkisofs:
|
|
.br
|
|
c_values=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -msinfo 2>/dev/null)
|
|
.br
|
|
mkisofs ... -C "$c_values" ...
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Inquire free space on media for a -tao -multi run:
|
|
.br
|
|
x=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -tao -multi \\
|
|
.br
|
|
--tell_media_space 2>/dev/null)
|
|
.br
|
|
echo "Available: $x blocks of 2048 data bytes"
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Write audio tracks to CD:
|
|
.br
|
|
cdrskin -v dev=ATA:1,0,0 speed=48 -sao \\
|
|
.br
|
|
track1.wav track2.au -audio -swab track3.raw
|
|
.br
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
If not --no_rc is given as the first argument then cdrskin attempts on
|
|
startup to read the arguments from the following files:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.br
|
|
.B /etc/default/cdrskin
|
|
.br
|
|
.B /etc/opt/cdrskin/rc
|
|
.br
|
|
.B /etc/cdrskin/cdrskin.conf
|
|
.br
|
|
.B $HOME/.cdrskinrc
|
|
.br
|
|
.PP
|
|
The files are read in the sequence given above, but none of them is
|
|
required for cdrskin to function properly. Each readable line is treated
|
|
as one single argument. No extra blanks.
|
|
A first character '#' marks a comment, empty lines are ignored.
|
|
.SS
|
|
.B Example content of a startup file:
|
|
.br
|
|
# This is the default device
|
|
.br
|
|
dev=0,1,0
|
|
.br
|
|
# To accomodate to remnant cdrskin-0.2.2 addresses
|
|
.br
|
|
dev_translation=+1,0,0+0,1,0
|
|
.br
|
|
# Some more options
|
|
.br
|
|
fifo_start_at=0
|
|
.br
|
|
fs=16m
|
|
.br
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
.TP
|
|
Formatting data track sources for cdrskin:
|
|
.br
|
|
.BR mkisofs (8),
|
|
.BR genisoimage (8),
|
|
.BR afio (1),
|
|
.BR star (1)
|
|
.br
|
|
.TP
|
|
Other CD/DVD burn programs:
|
|
.br
|
|
.BR cdrecord (1),
|
|
.BR wodim (1)
|
|
.br
|
|
.TP
|
|
For DVD burning (also tutor of libburn's DVD capabilities):
|
|
.br
|
|
.BR growisofs (1)
|
|
.br
|
|
.SH AUTHOR
|
|
cdrskin was written by Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>.
|
|
.PP
|
|
This manual page was written by George Danchev <danchev@spnet.net> and
|
|
Thomas Schmitt, for the Debian project and for all others.
|
|
|