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1134 lines
44 KiB
1134 lines
44 KiB
.\" Hey, EMACS: -*- nroff -*- |
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.TH CDRSKIN 1 "September 17, 2007" |
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.\" Please adjust this date whenever revising the manpage. |
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.SH NAME |
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cdrskin \- burns preformatted data to CD-R[W], DVD-R[W], DVD+R[W], DVD-RAM |
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via libburn. |
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.SH SYNOPSIS |
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.B cdrskin |
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.RI [ options | track_source_addresses ] |
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.br |
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.SH DESCRIPTION |
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.PP |
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.\" TeX users may be more comfortable with the \fB<whatever>\fP and |
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.\" \fI<whatever>\fP escape sequences to invode bold face and italics, |
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.\" respectively. |
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.PP |
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\fBcdrskin\fP is a program that provides some of cdrecord's options |
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in a compatible way for CD media. With DVD it has its own ways. |
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You do not need to be superuser for its daily usage. |
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.PP |
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.B Overview of features: |
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.br |
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Blanking of CD-RW and DVD-RW. |
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.br |
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Burning of data or audio tracks to CD, |
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.br |
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either in versatile Track at Once mode (TAO) |
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.br |
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or in Session at Once mode for seamless tracks. |
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.br |
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Multi session on CD (follow-up sessions in TAO only) |
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.br |
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or on DVD-R[W] (in Incremental mode) or on DVD+R. |
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.br |
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Single session on DVD-RW or DVD-R (Disk-at-once) |
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.br |
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or on overwriteable DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, |
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.br |
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or on data file or block device. |
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.br |
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Bus scan, burnfree, speed options, retrieving media info, padding, fifo. |
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.br |
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See section EXAMPLES at the end of this text. |
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.PP |
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.B General information paragraphs: |
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.br |
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Track recording model |
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.br |
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Write mode selection |
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.br |
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Recordable CD Media |
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.br |
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Sequentially Recordable DVD Media |
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.br |
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Overwriteable DVD Media |
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.br |
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Drive preparation and addressing |
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.PP |
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.B Track recording model: |
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.br |
|
The input-output entities which get processed are called tracks. |
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A \fBtrack\fP stores a stream of bytes. |
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.br |
|
Each track is initiated by one track source address argument, which may either |
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be "-" for standard input or the address of a readable file. If no write mode |
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is given explicitely then one will be chosen which matches the peculiarities |
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of track sources and the state of the output media. |
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.PP |
|
More than one track can be burned by a single run of cdrskin. |
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In the terms of the MMC standard all tracks written by the same run constitute |
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a \fBsession\fP. |
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.br |
|
Some media types can be kept appendable so that further tracks can |
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be written to them in subsequent runs of cdrskin (see option -multi). |
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Info about the addresses of burned tracks is kept in a table of |
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content (TOC) on media and can be retrieved via cdrskin option -toc. |
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These informations are also used by the operating systems' CD-ROM read drivers. |
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.PP |
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In general there are two types of tracks: data and audio. They differ in |
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sector size, throughput and readability via the systems' CD-ROM drivers |
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resp. by music CD players. With DVD there is only type data. |
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.br |
|
If not explicitely option -audio is given, then any track is burned as type |
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data, unless the track source is a file with suffix ".wav" or ".au" and has a |
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header part which identifies it as MS-WAVE resp. SUN Audio with suitable |
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parameters. Such files are burned as audio tracks by default. |
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.PP |
|
While audio tracks just contain a given time span of acoustic vibrations, |
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data tracks may have an arbitray meaning. Nevertheless, ISO-9660 filesystems |
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are established as a format which can represent a tree of directories and |
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files on all major operating systems. Such filesystem images can be |
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produced by programs mkisofs or genisoimage. They can also be extended by |
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follow-up tracks if prepared properly. See the man pages of said programs. |
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cdrskin is able to fulfill the needs about their option -C. |
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.br |
|
Another type of data track content are archive formats which originally |
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have been developed for magnetic tapes. Only formats which mark a detectable |
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end-of-archive in their data are suitable, though. Well tested are |
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the archivers afio and star. Not suitable seems GNU tar. |
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.PP |
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.B Write mode selection: |
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.br |
|
If none of the options -dao, -tao or -sao is given then the program will |
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try to choose a write mode which matches the defined recording job, |
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the capabilities of the drive and the state of the present media. |
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.br |
|
So the mentioning of write modes in the following paragraphs and in the |
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examples is not so much a demand that the user shall choose one explicitely, |
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but rather an illustration of what to expect with particular media types. |
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.PP |
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.B Recordable CD Media: |
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.br |
|
CD-R can be initially written only once and eventually extended until they |
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get closed (or are spoiled because they are overly full). After that they are |
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read-only. Closing is done automatically unless option |
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.B -multi |
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is given which keeps the media appendable. |
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.br |
|
There are two write modes, |
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.B -tao |
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and |
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.B -sao . |
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.br |
|
-tao allows to use track source of unpredictable length (like stdin) and allows |
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to write further sessions to appendable media. -sao produces audio sessions |
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with seamless tracks but needs predicted track sizes and cannot append sessions |
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to media. |
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.br |
|
CD-RW media can be blanked to make them re-usable for another |
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round of overwriting. Usually |
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.B blank=fast |
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is the appropriate option. |
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Blanking damages the previous content but does not |
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make it completely unreadable. It is no effective privacy precaution. |
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Multiple cycles of blanking and overwriting with random numbers might be. |
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.PP |
|
.B Sequentially Recordable DVD Media: |
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.br |
|
Currently DVD-RW, DVD-R and DVD+R can be used for the Sequential recording |
|
model. |
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.br |
|
DVD-RW must be in state "Sequential Recording". |
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The media must be either blank or appendable. |
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Newly purchased DVD-RW and DVD-R media are in this state. |
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Used DVD-RW get into blank sequential state by option |
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.B blank=deformat_sequential . |
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.br |
|
With DVD-R[W] two write modes may be available: |
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.br |
|
Mode DAO has many restrictions. It does not work with |
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appendable media, allows no -multi and only a single track. The size of the |
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track needs to be known in advance. So either its source has to be a disk file |
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of recognizable size or the size has to be announced explicitely by options |
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.B tsize= |
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or |
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.B tao_to_sao_tsize= . |
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.br |
|
DAO is the only mode for media which do not offer feature 21h Incremental |
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Streaming. DAO may also be selected explicitely by option |
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.B -sao . |
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Program growisofs uses DAO on sequential DVD-R[W] media for maximum |
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DVD-ROM/-Video compatibility. |
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.br |
|
The other mode, Incremental Streaming, is the default write mode if |
|
it is available and if the restrictions of DAO would prevent the job. |
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Incremental Streaming may be selected explicitely by option |
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.B -tao |
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as it resembles much CD TAO by allowing track sources of |
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unpredicted length and to keep media appendable by option |
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.B -multi . |
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The only restriction towards CD-R[W] is the lack of support for -audio tracks. |
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Multiple tracks per session are permissible. |
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.br |
|
The write modes for DVD+R resemble those with DVD-R except that with DVD+R |
|
each track gets wrapped in an own session. There is no -dummy writing with |
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DVD+R. |
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.br |
|
Quite deliberately write mode -sao insists in the tradition of a predicted |
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track size and blank media, whereas -tao writes the tracks open ended and |
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allows appendable media. |
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.br |
|
.B Note: |
|
Option -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM drives. |
|
Best reader compatibility is achieved without it |
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(i.e. by single session media). |
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.PP |
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.B Overwriteable DVD Media: |
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.br |
|
Currently types DVD+RW, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM can be overwritten via cdrskin. |
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.br |
|
DVD+RW and DVD-RAM media need no special initial formatting. They offer a |
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single continuous data area for blockwise random access. |
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.br |
|
Option -audio is not allowed. Only one track is allowed. |
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Option -multi cannot mark a recognizeable end of overwriteable media. |
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Therefore -multi is banned unless ISO-9660 images shall be expandable by help |
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of option --grow_overwriteable_iso. |
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Without this option or without an ISO-9660 filesystem image present |
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on media, -toc does not return information about the media content and |
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media get treated as blank regardless wether they hold data or not. |
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.br |
|
Currently there is no difference between -sao and -tao. If ever, then -tao |
|
will be the mode which preserves the current behavior. |
|
.br |
|
DVD-RW are sold in state "Sequential Recording". To become suitable for the |
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Overwriteable DVD recording model they need to get formatted to state |
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"Restricted Overwrite". Then they behave much like DVD+RW. This formatting |
|
can be done by option |
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.B blank=format_overwrite . |
|
.br |
|
Several programs like dvd+rw-format, cdrecord, wodim, or cdrskin |
|
can bring a DVD-RW out of overwriteable state so |
|
that it has to be formatted again. If in doubt, just give it a try. |
|
.PP |
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.B Drive preparation and addressing: |
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.br |
|
The drives, either CD burners or DVD burners, are accessed via addresses which |
|
are specific to libburn and the operating system. Those addresses get listed |
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by a run of \fBcdrskin --devices\fP. |
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.br |
|
On Linux, they are device files which traditionally do not offer |
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w-permissions for normal users. Because libburn needs rw-permission, |
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it might be only the |
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.B superuser |
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who is able to get this list without further |
|
precautions. |
|
.br |
|
It is consensus that \fBchmod a+rw /dev/sr0\fP or \fBchmod a+rw /dev/hdc\fP |
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is less security sensitive than chmod u+s,a+x /usr/bin/cdrskin. The risk for |
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the drive is somewhat higher but the overall system is much less at stake. |
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Consider to restrict rw-access to a single group which bundles the users who |
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are allowed to use the burner drive (like group "floppy"). |
|
.br |
|
.PP |
|
If you only got one CD capable drive then you may leave out cdrskin option |
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\fBdev=\fP. Else you should use this option to address the drive you want. |
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.br |
|
cdrskin option dev= not only accepts the listed addresses but also |
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traditional cdrecord SCSI addresses which on Linux consist of three |
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numbers: Bus,Target,Lun. There is also a related address family "ATA" which |
|
accesses IDE drives not under control of Linux SCSI drivers: |
|
ATA:Bus,Target,Lun. |
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.br |
|
See option -scanbus for getting a list of cdrecord style addresses. |
|
.br |
|
Further are accepted on Linux: links to libburn-suitable device files, |
|
device files which have the same major and minor device number, |
|
and device files which have the same SCSI address parameters (e.g. /dev/sg0). |
|
.br |
|
.PP |
|
Option --allow_emulated_drives enables addressing of pseudo-drives |
|
which get emulated on top of a regular data file or a block device. |
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The target file address is given after prefix "stdio:". |
|
.br |
|
E.g.: dev=stdio:/tmp/my_pseudo_drive |
|
.br |
|
Warning: Superusers must take care not to spoil their hard disk via its raw |
|
block device (like /dev/hda or /dev/sd0). |
|
.br |
|
Pseudo-drives behave much like DVD-RAM. They allow -dummy, nevertheless, and |
|
their reply with --tell_media_space can be utopic. If the given address does |
|
not exist yet but its directory exists, then it gets created as regular file |
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as soon as a write operation occurs. |
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Note: -dummy burn runs touch the file. |
|
.br |
|
.SH OPTIONS |
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.TP |
|
.BI \-\-help |
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Show non-cdrecord compatible options. |
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.TP |
|
.BI \-help |
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Show cdrecord compatible options. |
|
.br |
|
Note that some of the help texts are quite wrong - for cdrecord as well as |
|
for cdrskin (e.g. -format, blank=, -load). They are, nevertheless, traditional |
|
indicators for the availability of the listed options. Some frontend programs |
|
make decisions after reading them. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-version |
|
Print cdrskin id line, compatibility lure line, libburn version, cdrskin |
|
version, version timestamp, build timestamp (if available), and then exit. |
|
.PP |
|
Alphabetical list of options which are intended to be compatible with |
|
original cdrecord by Joerg Schilling: |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-atip |
|
Retrieve some info about media state. With CD-RW print "Is erasable". |
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With DVD media print "book type:" and a media type text. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-audio |
|
Announces that the subsequent tracks are to be burned as audio. |
|
The source is supposed to be uncompressed headerless PCM, 44100 Hz, 16 bit, |
|
stereo. For little-endian byte order (which is usual on PCs) use option |
|
-swab. Unless marked explicitely by option -data, input files with suffix |
|
".wav" are examined wether they have a header in MS-WAVE format confirming |
|
those parameters and eventually raw audio data get extracted and burned as |
|
audio track. Same is done for suffix ".au" and SUN Audio. |
|
.br |
|
Option -audio may be used only with CD media and not with DVD. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI blank= type |
|
Blank a CD-RW, a DVD-RW, or format a DVD+/-RW. |
|
This is combinable with burning in the same run of cdrskin. |
|
The type given with blank= selects the particular behavior: |
|
.RS |
|
.TP |
|
help |
|
Print this list of blanking types. |
|
.TP |
|
all |
|
Blank an entire CD-RW or an unformatted DVD-RW. |
|
(See also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso) |
|
.TP |
|
fast |
|
Minimally blank an entire CD-RW or blank an unformatted DVD-RW. |
|
(See also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso) |
|
.TP |
|
format_overwrite |
|
Format a DVD-RW to "Restricted Overwrite". The user should bring some patience. |
|
.br |
|
(Note: blank=format_overwrite* are not original cdrecord options.) |
|
.TP |
|
format_overwrite_quickest |
|
Like format_overwrite without creating a 128 MiB trailblazer session. |
|
Leads to "intermediate" state which only allows sequential write |
|
beginning from address 0. |
|
The "intermediate" state ends after the first session of writing data. |
|
.TP |
|
format_overwrite_full |
|
For DVD-RW this is like format_overwrite but claims full media size |
|
rather than just 128 MiB. |
|
Most traditional formatting is attempted. No data get written. |
|
Much patience is required. |
|
.br |
|
This option treats already formatted media even if not option -force is given. |
|
.br |
|
For DVD+RW this is the only supported explicit formatting type. It provides |
|
complete "de-icing" so no reader slips on unwritten data areas. |
|
.TP |
|
deformat_sequential |
|
Like blank=all but with the additional ability to blank overwriteable DVD-RW. |
|
This will destroy their formatting and make them sequentially recordable. |
|
Another peculiarity is the ability to blank media which appear already blank. |
|
This is similar to option -force but does not try to blank media other than |
|
recognizable CD-RW and DVD-RW. |
|
.br |
|
(Note: blank=deformat_sequential* are not original cdrecord options.) |
|
.TP |
|
deformat_sequential_quickest |
|
Like blank=deformat_sequential but blanking DVD-RW only minimally. |
|
This is faster than full blanking but may yield media incapable of |
|
Incremental Streaming (-tao). |
|
.RE |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-checkdrive |
|
Retrieve some info about the addressed drive and then exit. |
|
Exits with non-zero value if the drive cannot be found and opened. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-dao |
|
Alias for option -sao. Write CD in Session at Once mode |
|
or DVD-R[W] in Disc-at-once mode. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-data |
|
Subsequent tracks are data tracks. This option is default and only needed |
|
to mark the end of the range of an eventual option -audio. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI dev= target |
|
Set the address of the drive to use. Valid are at least the |
|
addresses listed with option --devices, |
|
X,Y,Z addresses listed with option -scanbus, |
|
ATA:X,Y,Z addresses listed with options dev=ATA -scanbus, |
|
and volatile libburn drive numbers (numbering starts at "0"). |
|
Other device file addresses which lead to the same drive might work too. |
|
.br |
|
If no dev= is given, volatile address "dev=0" is assumed. That is the first |
|
drive found being available. Better avoid this ambiguity on systems with more |
|
than one drive. |
|
.br |
|
The special target "help" lists hints about available addressing formats. |
|
Be aware that deprecated option --old_pseudo_scsi_adr may change the meaning |
|
of Bus,Target,Lun addresses. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI driveropts= opt |
|
Set "driveropts=noburnfree" to disable the drive's eventual protection |
|
mechanism against temporary lack of source data (i.e. buffer underrun). |
|
A drive that announces no such capabilities will not get them enabled anyway, |
|
even if attempted explicitely via "driveropts=burnfree". |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-dummy |
|
Try to perform the drive operations without actually affecting the inserted |
|
media. There is no warranty that this will work with a particular combination |
|
of drive, media, and write mode. Blanking is prevented reliably, though. |
|
To avoid inadverted real burning, -dummy refuses burn runs on anything but |
|
CD-R[W], DVD-R[W], or emulated stdio-drives. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-eject |
|
Eject the disc after work is done. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-force |
|
Assume that the user knows better in situations when cdrskin or libburn are |
|
insecure about drive or media state. This includes the attempt to blank |
|
media which are classified as unknown or unsuitable, and the attempt to use |
|
write modes which libburn believes they are not supported by the drive. |
|
.br |
|
Another application is to enforce blanking or re-formatting of media |
|
which appear to be in the desired blank or format state already. |
|
.br |
|
This option enables a burn run with option -dummy even if libburn believes |
|
that drive and media will not simulate the write mode but will write for real. |
|
.br |
|
.B Caution: |
|
Use this only when in urgent need. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-format |
|
Same as blank=format_overwrite_full -force but restricted to DVD+RW. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI fs= size |
|
Set the fifo size to the given value. The value may have appended letters which |
|
multiply the preceding number: |
|
.br |
|
"k" or "K" = 1024 , "m" or "M" = 1024k , "g" or "G" = 1024m , "s" or "S" = 2048 |
|
.br |
|
Set size to 0 in order to disable the fifo (default is "4m"). |
|
.br |
|
The fifo buffers an eventual temporary surplus of track source data in order to |
|
provide the drive with a steady stream during times of temporary lack of track |
|
source supply. |
|
The larger the fifo, the longer periods of poor source supply can be |
|
compensated. |
|
But a large fifo needs substantial time to fill up if not curbed via |
|
option fifo_start_at=size. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI gracetime= seconds |
|
Set the grace time before starting to write. (Default is 0) |
|
.TP |
|
.BI -inq |
|
Print the identification of the drive and then exit. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI -isosize |
|
The next track following this option will try to obtain its source size from |
|
the header information out of the first few blocks of the source data. |
|
If these blocks indicate an ISO-9660 filesystem then its declared size |
|
will be used under the assumption that it is a single session filesystem. |
|
.br |
|
If not, then the burn run will be aborted. |
|
.br |
|
The range of -isosize is exactly one track. Further tracks may be preceeded |
|
by further -isosize options, though. At least 15 blocks of padding will be |
|
added to each -isosize track. But be advised to rather use padsize=300k. |
|
.br |
|
This option can be performed on track sources which are regular files or block |
|
devices. For the first track of the session it can be performed on any type |
|
of source if there is a fifo of at least 64 kiB. See option fs= . |
|
.TP |
|
.BI -load |
|
Load the media and exit. Exit value is 0 if any kind of media was found, non |
|
zero else. Note: Option -eject will unload the media even if -load is given. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI -lock |
|
Like option -load but leave the drive's eject button disabled if there is any |
|
media found and not option -eject is given. |
|
.br |
|
Use program "eject" or cdrskin -eject to get the tray out of the drive. |
|
Runs of programs like cdrecord, growisofs, wodim, cdrskin will not be hampered |
|
and normally enable the drive's eject button when they are done. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI minbuf= percentage |
|
Equivalent to: |
|
.br |
|
modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=<percentage>:max_percent=95 |
|
.br |
|
Percentage is permissible between 25 and 95. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI msifile= path |
|
Run option -msinfo and copy the result line into the file given by path. |
|
Unlike -msinfo this option does not redirect all normal output away from |
|
standard output. But it may be combined with -msinfo to achieve this. |
|
.br |
|
Note: msifile=path is actually an option of wodim and not of cdrecord. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-msinfo |
|
Retrieve multi-session info for preparing a follow-up session by option -C |
|
of programs mkisofs or genisoimage. Print result to standard output. |
|
This option redirects to stderr all message output except the one of option |
|
--tell_media_space and its own result string, which consists of two numbers. |
|
The result string shall be used as argument of option -C with said programs. |
|
It gives the start address of the most recent session and the predicted |
|
start address of the next session to be appended. The string is empty if |
|
the most recent session was not written with option -multi. |
|
.br |
|
To have a chance for working on overwriteable media, this option has to be |
|
accompanied by option --grow_overwriteable_iso. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-multi |
|
This option keeps the CD or unformatted DVD-R[W] appendable after the current |
|
session has been written. |
|
Without it the disc gets closed and may not be written any more - unless it |
|
is a -RW and gets blanked which causes loss of its content. |
|
.br |
|
The following sessions can only be written in -tao mode. -multi is prohibited |
|
with DVD-R[W] DAO write mode. Option --prodvd_cli_compatible eventually makes |
|
-multi tolerable but cannot make it work. |
|
.br |
|
In order to have all filesystem content accessible, the eventual ISO-9660 |
|
filesystem of a follow-up |
|
session needs to be prepared in a special way by the filesystem formatter |
|
program. mkisofs and genisoimage expect particular info about the situation |
|
which can be retrieved by cdrskin option -msinfo. |
|
.br |
|
To retrieve an archive file which was written as follow-up session, |
|
you may use option -toc to learn about the "lba" of the desired track number. |
|
This lba is the address of the 2048 byte block where the archive begins. |
|
.br |
|
With overwriteable DVD media, -multi cannot mark the end of the session. |
|
So when adding a new session this end has to be determined from the payload. |
|
Currently only ISO-9660 filesystems can be used that way. See option |
|
.B \--grow_overwriteable_iso |
|
for lifting the ban on -multi. |
|
.br |
|
Note: -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM drives. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-nopad |
|
Do not add trailing zeros to the data stream. Nevertheless, since there seems |
|
to be no use for audio tracks with incomplete last sector, this option applies |
|
only to data tracks. There it is default. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-pad |
|
Add 30 kiB of trailing zeros to each data track. (This is not sufficient to |
|
avoid problems with various CD-ROM read drivers.) |
|
.TP |
|
.BI padsize= size |
|
Add the given amount of trailing zeros to the next data track. This option |
|
gets reset to padsize=0 after that next track is written. It may be set |
|
again before the next track argument. About size specifiers, see option fs=. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-raw96r |
|
Write CD in RAW/RAW96R mode. This mode allows to put more payload bytes |
|
into a CD sector but obviously at the cost of error correction. It can only |
|
be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. Some drives allow this mode but |
|
then behave strange or even go bad for the next few attempts to burn a CD. |
|
One should use it only if inavoidable. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-sao |
|
Write CD in Session At Once mode, a sequential DVD-R[W] in Disc-at-once |
|
(DAO) mode, or a DVD+R. |
|
.br |
|
With CD this mode is able to put several audio tracks on media without |
|
producing audible gaps between them. |
|
.br |
|
With DVD-R[W] this mode can only write a single track. |
|
No -multi is allowed with DVD-R[W] -sao. |
|
.br |
|
-sao is permissible with overwriteable DVD and with DVD+R but actually only |
|
imposes restrictions without providing known advantages. |
|
.br |
|
-sao can only be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. This implies that |
|
track arguments which depict stdin or named pipes need to be preceeded by |
|
option tsize= or by option tao_to_sao_tsize=. |
|
.br |
|
-sao cannot be used on appendable media. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-scanbus |
|
Scan the system for drives. On Linux the drives at /dev/s* and at /dev/hd* |
|
are to be scanned by two separate runs. One without dev= for /dev/s* and |
|
one with dev=ATA for /dev/hd* devices. (Option --drives lists all available |
|
drives in a single run.) |
|
.br |
|
Drives which are busy or which offer no rw-permission to the user of cdrskin |
|
are not listed. Busy drives get reported in form of warning messages. |
|
.br |
|
The useful fields in a result line are: |
|
.br |
|
Bus,Target,Lun Number) 'Vendor' 'Mode' 'Revision' |
|
.TP |
|
.BI speed= number |
|
Set speed of drive. With data CD, 1x speed corresponds to a throughput of |
|
150,000 bytes/second. With DVD, 1x = 1,385,000 bytes/second. |
|
It is not an error to set a speed higher than is suitable for drive |
|
and media. One should stay within a realistic speed range, though. |
|
Special speed settings are: |
|
.br |
|
0 = minimal speed , -1 = maximal speed (default), text "any" = like -1. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-swab |
|
Announce that the raw audio data source of subsequent tracks is byte swapped |
|
versus the expectations of cdrecord. This option is suitable for audio where |
|
the least significant byte of a 16 bit word is first (little-endian, Intel). |
|
Most raw audio data on PC systems are available in this byte order. |
|
Less guesswork is needed if track sources are in format MS-WAVE in a file with |
|
suffix ".wav". |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-tao |
|
Write CD in Track At Once (TAO) mode, sequential DVD-R[W] in Incremental |
|
Streaming mode, or DVD+R without traditional -sao restrictions. |
|
This mode also applies pro-forma to overwriteable DVD media. |
|
.br |
|
Mode -tao can be used with track sources of unpredictable size, like standard |
|
input or named pipes. It is also the only mode that can be used for writing |
|
to appendable media which already hold data. With unformatted DVD-R[W] it is |
|
the only mode which allows -multi. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-toc |
|
Print the table of content (TOC) which describes the tracks recorded on disc. |
|
The output contains all info from option -atip plus lines which begin with |
|
"track:", the track number, the word "lba:" and a number which gives the |
|
start address of the track. Addresses are counted in CD sectors which with |
|
SAO or TAO data tracks hold 2048 bytes each. |
|
.RS |
|
.TP |
|
Example. Retrieve an afio archive from track number 2: |
|
.br |
|
tracknumber=2 |
|
.br |
|
lba=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/cdrom -toc 2>&1 | \\ |
|
.br |
|
grep '^track:[ ]*[ 0-9][0-9]' | \\ |
|
.br |
|
tail +"$tracknumber" | head -1 | \\ |
|
.br |
|
awk '{ print $4}' ) |
|
.br |
|
dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 skip="$lba" | \\ |
|
.br |
|
afio -t - | less |
|
.RE |
|
.TP |
|
.BI tsize= size |
|
Announces the exact size of the next track source. This is necessary with any |
|
write mode other than -tao if the track source is not a regular disk file, but |
|
e.g. "-" (standard input) or a named pipe. |
|
About size specifiers, see option fs=. |
|
.br |
|
If the track source does not deliver the predicted amount of bytes, the |
|
remainder of the track is padded with zeros. This is not considered an error. |
|
If on the other hand the track source delivers more than the announced bytes |
|
then the track on media gets truncated to the predicted size and cdrskin exits |
|
with non-zero value. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \-v |
|
Increment verbose level by one. Startlevel is 0 with only few messages. |
|
Level 1 prints progress report with long running operations and also causes |
|
some extra lines to be put out with info retrieval options. |
|
Level 2 additionally reports about option settings derived from arguments or |
|
startup files. Level 3 is for debugging and useful mainly in conjunction with |
|
somebody who had a look into the program sourcecode. |
|
.PP |
|
Alphabetical list of options which are genuine to cdrskin and intended for |
|
normal use: |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--adjust_speed_to_drive |
|
Curb explicitely given speed= values to the maximum which is announced by the |
|
drive for the loaded media. By default, such an adjustment is only made with |
|
pseudo-speeds 0 and -1 whereas speed settings > 0 are sent unchanged to the |
|
drive which will then choose an appropriate speed on its own. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--allow_emulated_drives |
|
Enable drive addresses of the form dev=stdio:<path>. See above, paragraph |
|
"Drive preparation and addressing". |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--allow_setuid |
|
Disable the loud warning about insecure discrepance between login user and |
|
effective user which indicates application of chmod u+s to the program binary. |
|
One should not do this chmod u+s , but it is an old cdrecord tradition. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--any_track |
|
Allow source_addresses to begin with "-" (plus further characters) or to |
|
contain a "=" character. |
|
By default such arguments are seen as misspelled options. It is nevertheless |
|
not possible to use one of the options listed with --list_ignored_options. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI assert_write_lba= block_number | byte_address |
|
Abort if the write address given with this option is not the same as predicted |
|
immediately before the write session starts. This option can ensure that a |
|
start address which was presumed by a formatter like mkisofs -C is really used |
|
by the drive for writing. |
|
assert_write_lba=0 effectively demands blank media and excludes appendables. |
|
.br |
|
Block numbering is peculiar: If the last character of the option string is |
|
a letter [a-zA-Z] then the usual unit scaling by "s", "k", "m", etc. applies |
|
and the result is divided by 2048. Else the number value of the string is |
|
taken as plain block number with block size 2048 byte. |
|
(E.g ...=1000 or ...=1000s means block 1000, ...=1m means block |
|
512, ...=4096b means block number 2) |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--demand_a_drive |
|
Exit with a nonzero value if no drive can be found during a bus scan. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--devices |
|
List the device file addresses of all accessible CD drives. In order to get |
|
listed, a drive has to offer rw-permission for the cdrskin user and it may |
|
not be busy. The superuser should be able to see all idle drives listed and |
|
busy drives reported as "SORRY" messages. |
|
.br |
|
Each available drive gets listed by a line containing the following fields: |
|
.br |
|
Number dev='Devicefile' rw-Permissions : 'Vendor' 'Model' |
|
.br |
|
Number and Devicefile can both be used with option dev=, but number is |
|
volatile (numbering changes if drives become busy). |
|
.TP |
|
.BI direct_write_amount= size |
|
Do not write a session with tracks but rather make an appropriate number of |
|
direct write operations with no preparations. Flushing the drive buffer will |
|
be the only finalization. It is advised to eject the media afterwards because |
|
the write operations circumvent the usual system i/o with its caches and |
|
buffers. By ejecting, those invalid memory copies get surely discarded. |
|
.br |
|
Only few media can be written this way: DVD-RAM, RVD+RW and overwriteable |
|
DVD-RW. Writing is restricted to the already formatted area of the media. |
|
.br |
|
Writing starts at byte 0 of the media or at the address given by option |
|
.B write_start_address= . |
|
Only the first track source is used as input for the write operations. |
|
The fifo (fs=) is disabled. |
|
.br |
|
Parameter |
|
.B size |
|
controls the amount of data to be written. Size 0 means that the track source |
|
shall be used up until EOF. In this case, the last write transaction gets |
|
padded up to the necessary size by zeros. Size -1 revokes direct writing |
|
and switches back to normal session oriented writing. |
|
.br |
|
Both, write_start_address and direct_write_amount size must be aligned to a |
|
media dependend transaction size. With DVD-RAM and DVD+RW this is 2k, with |
|
overwriteable DVD-RW it is 32k. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI fifo_start_at= size |
|
Do not wait for full fifo but start burning as soon as the given number |
|
of bytes is read. This option may be helpful to bring the average throughput |
|
near to the maximum throughput of a drive. A large fs= and a small |
|
fifo_start_at= combine a quick burn start and a large savings buffer to |
|
compensate for temporary lack of source data. At the beginning of burning, |
|
the software protection against buffer underun is as weak as the size of |
|
fifo_start_at= . So it is best if the drive offers hardware protection which |
|
is enabled automatically if not driveropts=noburnfree is given. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--grow_overwriteable_iso |
|
Enable emulation of multi-session writing on overwriteable media which |
|
contain an ISO-9660 filesystem. This emulation is learned from growisofs -M |
|
but adapted to the usage model of |
|
.br |
|
.B cdrskin -msinfo ; mkisofs -C -M | cdrskin [-multi] - |
|
.br |
|
--grow_overwriteable_iso does not hamper the use of true multi-session media. |
|
I.e. it is possible to use the same cdrskin options with both kinds of media |
|
and to achieve similar results if ISO-9660 filesystem images are to be written. |
|
This option implies option -isosize and therefore demands that the track |
|
source is a ISO-9660 filesystem image. |
|
.br |
|
With overwriteable media and no option blank=fast|all present it expands an |
|
eventual ISO-9660 filesystem on media. It is assumed that this image's inner |
|
size description points to the end of the valuable data. |
|
Overwriteable media with a recognizeable ISO-9660 size will be regarded as |
|
appendable rather than as blank. I.e. options -msinfo and -toc will work. |
|
-toc will always show a single session with its size increasing with |
|
every added mkisofs image. |
|
.br |
|
If not overriden by option write_start_address=, the track with the new image |
|
will be placed behind the end of the old one. One may use option |
|
assert_write_lba= to make sure that media state and mkisofs job do match. |
|
.br |
|
--grow_overwriteable_iso causes option blank=fast|all to invalidate an |
|
eventual ISO-9660 image by altering the first few bytes of block 16 on |
|
overwriteable media. |
|
Option -multi is tolerated in order not to hamper true multi-session media. |
|
.br |
|
Note: The equivalent of growisofs -Z is |
|
.br |
|
.B mkisofs | cdrskin --grow_overwriteable_iso blank=fast [-multi] |
|
.br |
|
growisofs -dvd-compat is roughly equivalent to cdrskin without option -multi. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--list_ignored_options |
|
List all ignored cdrecord options. The "-" options cannot be used as addresses |
|
of track sources. No track source address may begin with a text equal to an |
|
option which ends by "=". The list is ended by an empty line. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--no_rc |
|
Only if used as first command line argument this option prevents reading and |
|
interpretation of eventual startup files. See section FILES below. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--prodvd_cli_compatible |
|
Activates behavior modifications with some DVD situations which bring cdrskin |
|
nearer to the behavior of cdrecord-ProDVD: |
|
.br |
|
Option -multi with unsuitable media is not an error but simply has no effect. |
|
.br |
|
Options blank=fast and blank=all deformat overwriteable DVD-RW media. |
|
.br |
|
Option blank=fast does indeed minmal blanking with DVD-RW. This may yield media |
|
which can only do DAO but not Incremental Streaming. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--single_track |
|
Accept only the last argument of the command line as track source address. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI tao_to_sao_tsize= size |
|
Set an exact fixed size for the next track to be in effect only if the track |
|
source cannot deliver a size prediction and no tsize= was specified and an |
|
exact track size prediction is demanded by the write mode. |
|
.br |
|
This was the fallback from bad old times when cdrskin was unable to burn |
|
in mode -tao . It came back with minimally blanked DVD-RW which allow no |
|
Incremental Streaming (-tao) resp. with explicitly selected write mode -sao |
|
for best DVD-ROM compatibility. |
|
.br |
|
If the track source delivers less bytes than announced then the missing ones |
|
will be filled with zeros. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI --tell_media_space |
|
Prepare a recording session, do not perform it but rather inquire the |
|
maximum number of 2048 byte data blocks which may be written in |
|
the current state of media with the prepared setup. So this option disables |
|
recording of data. It does allow blanking, though, and will measure space |
|
afterwards. |
|
.br |
|
It is not mandatory to give track sources but their nature may influence |
|
the available capacity. So for most realistic results one may set up |
|
the full burn session and add --tell_media_space. But if one has to expect |
|
a cdrskin version prior to 0.3.3 no track source should be given in order |
|
not to start an involuntary burn session. |
|
In this case set at least -sao or -tao explicitely. |
|
.br |
|
The result gets printed to standard output. It is 0 or empty if no writing |
|
is possible with the given options. |
|
This option redirects to stderr all message output except its own result |
|
string and eventual output of -msinfo. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI write_start_address= byte_offset |
|
Set the address on media where to start writing the track. With DVD+RW or |
|
DVD-RAM byte_offset must be aligned to 2 kiB blocks, but better is 32 kiB. |
|
With DVD-RW 32 kiB alignment is mandatory. |
|
.br |
|
Other media are not suitable for this option yet. |
|
.PP |
|
Alphabetical list of options which are only intended for very special |
|
situations and not for normal use: |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--abort_handler |
|
Establish default signal handling not to leave a drive in busy state |
|
but rather to shut it down and to wait until it has ended the final operations. |
|
This option is only needed for revoking eventual --ignore_signals or |
|
--no_abort_handler. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--allow_untested_media |
|
Enable the use of media profiles which have been implemented but not yet |
|
tested. Currently this applies to : |
|
.br |
|
Profile 0015h , DVD-R/DL Sequential (will not allow -multi). |
|
.br |
|
Profile 002Bh , DVD+R/DL. |
|
.br |
|
If you really test such media, then please report the outcome on |
|
libburn-hackers@pykix.org |
|
.TP |
|
.BI dev_translation= <sep><from><sep><to> |
|
Set drive address alias. This was necessary before cdrskin-0.2.4 to manually |
|
translate cdrecord addresses into cdrskin addresses. |
|
.br |
|
<sep> is a single character which may not occur in the address string |
|
<from>. <from> is an address as expected to be given by the user via option |
|
dev=. <to> is the address to be used instead whenever <from> is given. |
|
More than one translation instruction can be given in one cdrskin run. |
|
.br |
|
E.g.: dev_translation=+ATA:1,0,0+/dev/sr1 dev_translation=+ATA:1,1,0+/dev/sr2 |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_abort_on_busy |
|
Linux specific: Abort process if a busy drive is encountered. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_blocking |
|
Linux specific: Try to wait for a busy drive to become free. |
|
This is not guaranteed to work with all drivers. Some need nonblocking i/o. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_f_setlk |
|
Linux specific: Try to get exclusive lock on drive device file via fcntl(2). |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_not_exclusive |
|
Linux specific: Combine --drive_not_f_setlk and --drive_not_o_excl. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_not_f_setlk |
|
Linux specific: Do not try to get exclusive lock on drive device file via |
|
fcntl(2). |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_not_o_excl |
|
Linux specific: Do not ask the operating system to prevent opening busy drives. |
|
Wether this leads to senseful behavior depends on operating system and kernel. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI drive_scsi_dev_family= sr | scd | sg |
|
Linux specific: Select a SCSI device file family to be used for drive command |
|
transactions. Normally this is /dev/sgN on kernel versions < 2.6 and /dev/srN |
|
on kernels >= 2.6 . This option allows to explicitely override that default |
|
in order to meet other programs at a common device file for each drive. |
|
On kernel 2.4 families sr and scd will find no drives. |
|
.br |
|
Device file family /dev/hdX on kernel >= 2.6 is not affected by this setting. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--drive_scsi_exclusive |
|
Linux specific: |
|
Try to exclusively reserve device files /dev/srN, /dev/scdM, /dev/sgK of drives. |
|
This would be helpful to protect against collisions with program growisofs. |
|
Regrettably on Linux kernel 2.4 with ide-scsi emulation this seems not to |
|
work. Wether it becomes helpful with new Linux systems has to be evaluated. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--fifo_disable |
|
Disable fifo despite any fs=. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--fifo_per_track |
|
Use a separate fifo for each track. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--fill_up_media |
|
Expand the last track of the session to occupy all remaining free space on |
|
the media. |
|
.br |
|
This option overrides option -multi. It will not fill up media if option -sao |
|
is given with CD media. |
|
.br |
|
.B Caution: |
|
With multi-session media this option might increase readatibility on DVD-ROM |
|
drives but with some DVD recorders and media types it might also fail to |
|
produce readable media at all. "Your mileage may vary". |
|
.br |
|
You can expect the best possible read compatibility if you do not use -multi at |
|
all. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI grab_drive_and_wait= seconds |
|
Open the addressed drive, wait the given number of seconds, release the drive, |
|
and do normal work as indicated by the other options used. This option helps |
|
to explore the program behavior when faced with busy drives. Just start a |
|
second cdrskin with option --devices while grab_drive_and_wait= is still |
|
active. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--ignore_signals |
|
Try to ignore any signals rather than to abort the program. This is not a |
|
very good idea. You might end up waiting a very long time for cdrskin |
|
to finish. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI modesty_on_drive= <mode>[:min_percent=<num>][:max_percent=<num>] |
|
Mode 1 keeps the program from trying to write to the burner drive while its |
|
buffer is in danger to be filled by more than max_percent. If this filling is |
|
exceeded then the program will wait until the filling is at most min_percent. |
|
.br |
|
This can ease the load on operating system and drive controller and thus help |
|
with achieving better input bandwidth if disk and burner are not on independent |
|
controllers (like hda and hdb). Unsufficient input bandwidth is indicated by |
|
output "(fifo xy%)" of option -v if xy is lower than 90 for some time. |
|
modesty_on_drive= might hamper output bandwidth and cause buffer underruns. |
|
.br |
|
To have max_percent larger than the burner's best actual |
|
buffer fill has the same effect as min_percent==max_percent. Some burners |
|
do not use their full buffer with all media types. Watch output "[buf xy%]" |
|
of option -v to get an impression of the actual buffer usage. Some burners |
|
are not suitable because they report buffer fill with granularity too large |
|
in size or time. |
|
.br |
|
Mode 0 disables this feature. Mode -1 keeps it unchanged. Default is: |
|
.br |
|
modesty_on_drive=0:min_percent=65:max_percent=95 |
|
.br |
|
Percentages are permissible in the range of 25 to 100. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--no_abort_handler |
|
On signals exit even if the drive is in busy state. This is not a very good |
|
idea. You might end up with a stuck drive that refuses to hand out the media. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--no_blank_appendable |
|
Refuse to blank appendable CD-RW or DVD-RW. This is a feature that was once |
|
builtin with libburn. No information available for what use case it was needed. |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--no_convert_fs_adr |
|
Do only literal translations of dev=. This prevents cdrskin from test-opening |
|
device files in order to find one that matches the given dev= specifier. |
|
.br |
|
Partly Linux specific: |
|
Such opening is needed for Bus,Target,Lun addresses unless option |
|
--old_pseudo_scsi_adr is given. It is also needed to resolve device file |
|
addresses which are not listed with cdrskin --devices but nevertheless point |
|
to a usable drive. (Like /dev/sg0 using the same SCSI address as /dev/sr0.) |
|
.TP |
|
.BI \--old_pseudo_scsi_adr |
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Linux specific: |
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Use and report literal Bus,Target,Lun addresses rather than real SCSI and |
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pseudo ATA addresses. This method is outdated and was never compatible with |
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original cdrecord. |
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.br |
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.SH EXAMPLES |
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.SS |
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.B Get an overview of drives and their addresses: |
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.br |
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cdrskin -scanbus |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=ATA -scanbus |
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.br |
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cdrskin --devices |
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.SS |
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.B Get info about a particular drive or loaded media: |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=0,1,0 -checkdrive |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=ATA:1,0,0 -v -atip |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -toc |
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.SS |
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.B Make used CD-RW or used unformatted DVD-RW writable again: |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sg1 blank=fast -eject |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=/dev/dvd blank=all -eject |
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.SS |
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.B Format DVD-RW to avoid need for blanking before re-use: |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite |
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.SS |
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.B De-format DVD-RW to make it capable of multi-session again: |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=deformat_sequential |
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.SS |
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.B Write ISO-9660 filesystem image as only one to blank or formatted media: |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=/dev/hdc speed=12 fs=8m \\ |
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.br |
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-sao -eject padsize=300k my_image.iso |
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.SS |
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.B Write compressed afio archive on-the-fly (not possible with minimally blanked DVD-RW): |
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.br |
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find . | afio -oZ - | \\ |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=0,1,0 fs=32m speed=8 \\ |
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.br |
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-tao padsize=300k - |
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.SS |
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.B Write multi-session to the same CD, DVD-R[W] or DVD+R: |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -multi -tao 1.iso |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -multi -tao 2.iso |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -multi -tao 3.iso |
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.br |
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cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -v padsize=300k -tao 4.iso |
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.SS |
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.B Get multi-session info for option -C of program mkisofs: |
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.br |
|
c_values=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -msinfo 2>/dev/null) |
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.br |
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mkisofs ... -C "$c_values" ... |
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.SS |
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.B Inquire free space on media for a -tao -multi run: |
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.br |
|
x=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -tao -multi \\ |
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.br |
|
--tell_media_space 2>/dev/null) |
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.br |
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echo "Available: $x blocks of 2048 data bytes" |
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.SS |
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.B Write audio tracks to CD: |
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.br |
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cdrskin -v dev=ATA:1,0,0 speed=48 -sao \\ |
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.br |
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track1.wav track2.au -audio -swab track3.raw |
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.br |
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.SH FILES |
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If not --no_rc is given as the first argument then cdrskin attempts on |
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startup to read the arguments from the following files: |
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.PP |
|
.br |
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.B /etc/default/cdrskin |
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.br |
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.B /etc/opt/cdrskin/rc |
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.br |
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.B /etc/cdrskin/cdrskin.conf |
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.br |
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.B $HOME/.cdrskinrc |
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.br |
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.PP |
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The files are read in the sequence given above, but none of them is |
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required for cdrskin to function properly. Each readable line is treated |
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as one single argument. No extra blanks. |
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A first character '#' marks a comment, empty lines are ignored. |
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.SS |
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.B Example content of a startup file: |
|
.br |
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# This is the default device |
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.br |
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dev=0,1,0 |
|
.br |
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# To accomodate to remnant cdrskin-0.2.2 addresses |
|
.br |
|
dev_translation=+1,0,0+0,1,0 |
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.br |
|
# Some more options |
|
.br |
|
fifo_start_at=0 |
|
.br |
|
fs=16m |
|
.br |
|
.SH SEE ALSO |
|
.TP |
|
Formatting data track sources for cdrskin: |
|
.br |
|
.BR mkisofs (8), |
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.BR genisoimage (8), |
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.BR afio (1), |
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.BR star (1) |
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.br |
|
.TP |
|
Other CD/DVD burn programs: |
|
.br |
|
.BR cdrecord (1), |
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.BR wodim (1) |
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.br |
|
.TP |
|
For DVD burning (also tutor of libburn's DVD capabilities): |
|
.br |
|
.BR growisofs (1) |
|
.br |
|
.SH AUTHOR |
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cdrskin was written by Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>. |
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.PP |
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This manual page was written by George Danchev <danchev@spnet.net> and |
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Thomas Schmitt, for the Debian project and for all others. |
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