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                         http:libburnia-project.org
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libisoburn and xorriso. By Vreixo Formoso <metalpain2002@yahoo.es> 
                       and Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>
Integrated sub project of libburnia-project.org.
http://files.libburnia-project.org/releases/libisoburn-1.5.6.tar.gz
Copyright (C) 2006-2009 Vreixo Formoso,
Copyright (C) 2006-2023 Thomas Schmitt.
Provided under GPL version 2 or later.
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libisoburn is a frontend for libraries libburn and libisofs which enables
creation and expansion of ISO-9660 filesystems on all CD/DVD/BD media supported
by libburn. This includes media like DVD+RW, which do not support multi-session
management on media level and even plain disk files or block devices.

The price for that is thorough specialization on data files in ISO-9660
filesystem images. So libisoburn is not suitable for audio (CD-DA) or any
other CD layout which does not entirely consist of ISO-9660 sessions.

xorriso is an application of libisoburn, libisofs, and libburn, which reads
commands from program arguments, files, stdin, or readline.
Its features are also available via a C language API of libisoburn.

Currently they are fully supported on Linux with kernels >= 2.4,
on FreeBSD with ATAPI/CAM support enabled in the kernel, see atapicam(4),
on OpenSolaris (tested with kernel 5.11),
on NetBSD (tested with 6.1.2 and 6.1.3).
On other X/Open compliant systems libburn will only offer POSIX i/o with disk
file objects, but no direct MMC operation on CD/DVD/BD drives.

By using this software you agree to the disclaimer at the end of this text:
"... without even the implied warranty ..."


                   Compilation, First Glimpse, Installation

Dynamic library and compile time header requirements for libisoburn-1.5.6 :
- libburn.so.4  , version libburn-1.5.6 or higher
- libisofs.so.6 , version libisofs-1.5.6 or higher
libisoburn and xorriso will not start with libraries which are older than their
include headers seen at compile time.

Obtain libisoburn-1.5.6.tar.gz, take it to a directory of your choice
and do:

    tar xzf libisoburn-1.5.6.tar.gz
    cd libisoburn-1.5.6

Within that directory execute:

    ./configure --prefix=/usr
    make

Then become superuser and execute
    make install
which will make available libisoburn.so.1 and the program xorriso.

On GNU/Linux it will try to run program ldconfig with the library installation
directory as only argument. Failure to do so will not abort installation.
One may disable ldconfig by ./configure option --disable-ldconfig-at-install .


By use of a version script, the libisoburn.so library exposes no other function
names but those of the API definitions in <libisoburn/libisoburn.h> and
<libisoburn/xorriso.h>.
If -Wl,--version-script=... makes problems with the local compiler, then
disable this encapsulation feature by
    ./configure --disable-versioned-libs
    make clean ; make

The ./configure script of libisoburn can check via pkg-config whether suitable
libburn and libisoburn are installed. Regrettably this test failed on several
systems due to local pkg-config problems. So it is disabled by default and may
be enabled by:
   ./configure --enable-pkg-check-modules
In this case, ./configure fails if no suitable installations are found.


                              xorriso

libisoburn comes with a command line and dialog application named xorriso,
which offers a substantial part of libisoburn features to shell scripts and
users. Its file xorriso/README_gnu_xorriso describes the tarball of the
derived package GNU xorriso as first preference for a statically linked
xorriso installation.
The libisoburn installation described above produces a dynamically linked
xorriso binary depending on libburn.so, libisofs.so, libisoburn.so.

After installation documentation is available via
    man xorriso
    man xorrisofs
    man xorrecord

Several alias links point to the xorriso binary:
    xorrisofs  starts xorriso with -as mkisofs emulation already enabled
    xorrecord  starts xorriso with -as cdrecord emulation already enabled
    osirrox    starts with -osirrox image-to-disk copying already enabled

By default libisoburn will depend on libreadline if the library and its
development header files are present at compile time. If not, then it will
try to depend on libedit and its header file.
Both conditional dependencies can be avoided by running
    ./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-libreadline
    make clean ; make
Never omit the "make clean" command after switching enabling of libreadline.
Note that depending on libreadline-6 will cause libisoburn's license to
become "GPL version 3 or later".
If you want to explictely allow only the use of libedit, then do
    ./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-libreadline --enable-libedit

Other deliberate dependency reduction options of ./configure are:
    --disable-libacl   avoid use of ACL functions like acl_to_text()
    --disable-xattr    avoid use of xattr functions like listxattr() on Linux
                       or extattr_list_file() on FreeBSD
    --disable-zlib     avoid use of zlib functions like compress2()
    --disable-libjte   avoid use of libjte for -jigdo command

xorriso allows to use external processes as file content filters. This is
a potential security risk which may be avoided by ./configure option
    --disable-external-filters
By default the filter feature is disabled if effective user id and real
user id differ. This ban can be lifted by
    --enable-external-filters-setuid

In some situations Linux may deliver a better write performance to DVD drives 
if 64 KB rather than 32 KB are transmitted in each write operation.
64k can be made default at configure time by:
    --enable-dvd-obs-64k


          libisoburn, libisofs, and libburn C language API

For the lower API concepts and calls see
    ./libisoburn/libisoburn.h
as well as
    /usr/include/libisofs/libisofs.h
    /usr/include/libburn/libburn.h


                      xorriso C language API

Actually the dynamically linked xorriso binary is only a small start program
for the xorriso API that is implemented inside libisoburn.
There are API calls for command readers and interpreters, and there are
API calls for each single command of xorriso.

Interested programmers should have a look into the API definition at
  xorriso/xorriso.h
and the start program
  xorriso/xorriso_main.c

The header file  xorriso.h  gets installed suitable for
  #include <libisoburn/xorriso.h>

So after installation of a binary libisoburn package you may find it e.g. as
  /usr/include/libisoburn/xorriso.h


             xorriso under control of a (GUI) frontend process

The dialog mode allows frontend programs to connect via pipes to the standard
input and output of xorriso. Several commands of xorriso help with receiving
and parsing of reply messages.

As a proof of concept, there is the Tcl/Tk script xorriso-tcltk which can
be launched by this shell command:

    xorriso-tcltk

Or in the xorriso build directory, without installation of xorriso:

    xorriso/xorriso -launch_frontend frontend/xorriso-tcltk --stdio --

In the running GUI, click with the rightmost mouse button on any GUI element
to get its particular help text. The "Help" button at the upper right corner
gives a short introduction and instructions for some common use cases.
See also file frontend/README-tcltk.
See its Tcl code for getting an idea how this gets achieved.

The script is part of the tarball and gets installed by make install. If a
xorriso distro package does not install it, you may get it directly from
  https://dev.lovelyhq.com/libburnia/libisoburn/blob/master/frontend/xorriso-tcltk

Further there is the C program frontend/frontend_pipes_xorriso.c which
forks a xorriso process and shows similar communication gestures as
xorriso-tcltk.
In particular it connects to xorriso via two pipes, sends commands, waits
for all replies of a command, picks info out of the xorriso message sieve,
and parses reply message lines into words.

The bash script frontend/sh_on_named_pipes.sh forks a xorriso process
connected to two pipes. It then runs a dialog loop, sends commands to xorriso,
and displays the replies.

The sh script frontend/xorriso_broker.sh is intended to execute xorriso
commands on a permanently running xorriso process.
It gets an id_string by which it looks for named pipes with a running xorriso
process. If no such pipe is found, then it starts a xorriso connected to
newly created pipes.
After this is done, the optionally given xorriso arguments are written into
the stdin pipe from where xorriso will read and execute them. The script will
end but the xorriso process will go on and wait for more commands.


                       Drives and Disk File Objects 

The user of libisoburn applications needs operating system dependent
permissions for the CD/DVD/BD drives which shall be used.
On Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD this means -rw-permissions, even if only reading is
intended. On Solaris one needs privileges "basic,sys_devices" and r-permission,
even if writing is intended.

A list of rw-accessible drives can be obtained by
    xorriso -devices
or by xorriso API call
    Xorriso_option_devices()
or by libburn API call
    burn_drive_scan()

A possible source of problems are hald or other automounters. 
If you can spot a process "hald-addon-storage" with the address of
your desired drive, then consider to kill it.
A similar process "udisks-daemon: polling ..." can be seen on newer Linuxes.

On Debian GNU/Linux 6.0.2 amd64 there is
  /lib/udev/rules.d/80-udisks.rules
where one can remove all CD drives ("sr*") from the list of automountable
devices:
  KERNEL=="sd*|hd*|mmcblk*|mspblk*", ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_NOPOLICY}="0"
  # KERNEL=="sd*|hd*|sr*|mmcblk*|mspblk*", ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_NOPOLICY}="0"
Copying the recognition criterion from
  /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules
one can prevent automounting a single drive, too. E.g.:
  SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_CDROM}=="?*", ENV{ID_PATH}=="pci-0000:00:11.0-scsi-2:0:0:0", ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_NOPOLICY}:="1"

If you cannot get rid of the automounter, try whether it helps to always load
the drive tray manually before starting a write run of xorriso. Wait until the
drive light is off and the mounted media appears.
Then try to unmount the mounted media before a write run.


Besides true optical drives, libisoburn can also address disk files as input or
output drives. The addresses of the disk files have to be preceded by "stdio:".
Like:
    "stdio:/tmp/pseudo_drive"

Note: xorriso by default prefixes "stdio:" to addresses outside the /dev tree
      if they do not lead to an optical drive device file.


                         xorriso-dd-target

libisoburn comes with a script named
  xorriso-dd-target/xorriso-dd-target
which uses the util-linux program lsblk to find suitable hard-disk-like
target devices for copying hard-disk bootable ISO images onto them. Such images
are offered by GNU/Linux distributions for installing their system.

xorriso-dd-target gets installed only if ./configure detects to run on a
GNU/Linux system. It refuses to start on non-Linux kernels or if program lsblk
is not found in /usr/sbin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /bin.

For introduction, examples, and details see in the build directory
  man xorriso-dd-target/xorriso-dd-target.1
  info xorriso-dd-target/xorriso-dd-target.info


                              Testing

For automated and manual tests of xorriso's functionality see file
  releng/README.


              Result comparison with self produced ISO images

We are quite sure that libisofs produces accurate representations of the disk
files. This opinion is founded on a lot of test burns and checks by a little
test program which compares files from the mounted image with the orignals
on disk. It uses the normal POSIX filesystem calls, i.e. no libburnia stuff.

This program is not installed systemwide but stays in the installation
directory of the libisoburn tarball as  test/compare_file . Usually it is
run as -exec payload of a find command. It demands at least three arguments:
The path of the file to compare, the prefix1 to be cut off from path
and the prefix2 which gets prepended afterwards to obtain the path of the
second file to compare.
As further argument there can be -no_ctime which suppresses the comparison
of ctime date stamps.
The exit value is 0 if no difference was detected, non-0 else.

Example: After
   xorriso ... -pathspecs on -add /=/original/dir --
   mount /media/dvd
   cd test
compare tree /media/dvd with tree /original/dir :
   find /original/dir -exec ./compare_file '{}' /original/dir /media/dvd ';' \
   | less
and vice versa:
   find /media/dvd -exec ./compare_file '{}' /media/dvd /original/dir ';' \
   | less


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    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or later
    as published by the Free Software Foundation.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Based on and sub project of:
libburnia-project.org
By Mario Danic           <mario.danic@gmail.com>,
   Vreixo Formoso        <metalpain2002@yahoo.es>
   Thomas Schmitt        <scdbackup@gmx.net>
Copyright (C) 2006-2019 Mario Danic, Vreixo Formoso, Thomas Schmitt.

We will not raise any legal protest to dynamic linking of our libraries
with applications that are not under GPL, as long as they fulfill
the condition of offering the library source code used, whether
altered or unaltered, under the GPLv2+, along with the application.
Nevertheless, the safest legal position is not to link libburn with
non-GPL compatible programs.

libburnia-project.org is inspired by and in other components still containing
parts of old
Libburn. By Derek Foreman <derek@signalmarketing.com> and
            Ben Jansens <xor@orodu.net>
Copyright (C) 2002-2006  Derek Foreman and Ben Jansens
libisoburn does not stem from their code.

The libisoburn release contains xorriso-dd-target
Copyright (C) 2019      Nio Wiklund alias sudodus, Thomas Schmitt

