519 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
519 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
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This text describes how to set up a qemu virtual machine so that xorriso
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on its guest GNU/Linux can operate a CD, DVD or BD recorder of the host
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system.
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The options follow proposals of Paolo Bonzini on qemu-devel mailing list.
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My compliments for his patient guidance.
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Basic knowledge about Debian and qemu was learned from
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[GNU Hurd qemu page](http://www.gnu.org/s/hurd/hurd/running/qemu.html GNU Hurd qemu page).
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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This start command works with `qemu-1.0-rc3`:
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```
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$ qemu \
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-enable-kvm \
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-nographic \
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-m 512 \
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-net nic,model=ne2k_pci \
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-net user,hostfwd=tcp::5557-:22 \
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-hda /dvdbuffer/i386-install.qemu \
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-drive file=/dev/sr0,if=none,id=scsicd,format=raw \
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-device virtio-blk-pci,drive=scsicd,logical_block_size=2048,physical_block_size=2048 \
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-cdrom .../some_image.iso
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```
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This start command works with `qemu-2.1.2`:
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```
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$ qemu \
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-enable-kvm \
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-nographic \
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-m 512 \
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-net nic,model=ne2k_pci \
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-net user,hostfwd=tcp::5557-:22 \
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-hda /dvdbuffer/i386-install.qemu \
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-cdrom .../some_image.iso \
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-drive file=/dev/sr0,index=2,if=virtio
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```
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With these setups of `-drive` and `-device` it is necessary to have a
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medium in the drive, when qemu gets started. Else it will refuse.
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The guest system is accessible via ssh and scp at port 5557 of the
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host system.
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`/dev/sr0` is the address of the DVD drive which is handed over to the
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guest system.
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`.../some_image.iso` may be any readable file which shall serve as
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virtual DVD-ROM. qemu is not happy without such a thing.
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`/dvdbuffer/i386-install.qemu` is the disk image, where the guest operating
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system was installed by:
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```
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$ qemu-img create /dvdbuffer/i386-install.qemu 8G
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$ qemu \
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-enable-kvm \
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-m 512 \
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-net nic,model=ne2k_pci \
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-hda /dvdbuffer/i386-install.qemu \
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-cdrom debian-6.0.3-i386-netinst.iso \
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-boot d
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```
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Host system of my `qemu-1.0-rc3` test is Debian GNU/Linux 6.0.2 amd64.
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With `qemu-2.1.2` it is Debian 8.1 amd64.
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Both had access to the Internet when the guest was installed.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Preparations on guest system Debian GNU/Linux 6.0.3 i386
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There appears no `/dev/sr` for the passthrough drive. Thus libburn will not
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list it by its drive search function. One may use it nevertheless. But
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xorriso will only do so if prefix "mmc:" is used with the address:
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```
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-dev mmc:/dev/vda
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```
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The drive will be listed by libburn if there is a symbolic link `/dev/sr*`
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pointing to it. On Debian 6, this link persists only if it is created
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by an udev rule.
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In `/lib/udev/rules.d/50-udev-default.rules`:
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```
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KERNEL=="vda", SYMLINK+="sr1"
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```
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libburn on Linux needs rw-permission for the drive's device node.
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The virtual device `/dev/vda` is in group "disk". Usual for CD drives is
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group "cdrom", to which i (or the Debian installer ?) have added my
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normal user when i installed the guest system.
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Like with the symbolic link, such a change persists on Debian 6 only as
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udev rule.
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In `/lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules`:
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```
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KERNEL=="vda", GROUP="cdrom"
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```
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This should yield
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```
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Nov 8 11:19 /dev/sr1 -> vda
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brw-rw---- 1 root cdrom 254, 0 Nov 8 11:19 /dev/vda
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```
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xorriso version must be >= 1.1.8
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```
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$ xorriso -version
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```
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tells the versions of its components on stdout:
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```
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...
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xorriso version : 1.1.8
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...
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```
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If your distro's xorriso is too old, consider to get and build GNU xorriso.
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```
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http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/xorriso/xorriso-1.1.8.tar.gz
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```
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Do
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```
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$ tar xzf xorriso-1.1.8.tar.gz
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$ cd xorriso-1.1.8
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$ ./configure && make
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```
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Either do as superuser
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```
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# make install
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```
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or execute it where it was built as
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```
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$ ./xorriso/xorriso ...arguments...
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```
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After compilation, this binary does not depend on files in the build
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directory. You may move it to any other location.
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For details about the following xorriso commands, read
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```
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man xorriso
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man ./xorriso/xorriso.1
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```
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or with the same content
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```
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info xorriso
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info ./xorriso/xorriso.info
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```
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Or read the [online man page of xorriso](http://scdbackup.sourceforge.net/man_1_xorriso_devel.html).
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Note that the sequence of xorriso arguments matters. They are commands
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which get performed one after the other.
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This differs from the behavior of mkisofs, cdrecord, et.al.,
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which parse all arguments and then perform actions in a hardcoded
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sequence.
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Writing happens automatically if ISO filetree changes are pending
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at the end of the program run. This is like with other burn tools.
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(There is a command `-commit` for intermediate writing e.g. in dialog
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mode.)
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Listing accessible drives:
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```
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$ xorriso -devices
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```
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shows on stdout:
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```
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0 -dev '/dev/sr0' rwrw-- : 'QEMU ' 'QEMU DVD-ROM'
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1 -dev '/dev/sr1' rwrw-- : 'Optiarc ' 'BD RW BD-5300S'
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```
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The burn tests are presented here for unformatted DVD-RW media.
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The xorriso commands apply also to other types of optical media.
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See "Other applicable media types:" further below.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Inspecting drive and medium:
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```
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$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -toc
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```
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should show on stdout something like
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```
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Drive current: -dev '/dev/sr1'
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Drive type : vendor 'Optiarc' product 'BD RW BD-5300S' revision '1.04'
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Media current: DVD-RW sequential recording
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Media product: RITEKW04 , Ritek Corp
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Media status : is written , is closed
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Media blocks : 306592 readable , 0 writable , 2298496 overall
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TOC layout : Idx , sbsector , Size , Volume Id
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ISO session : 1 , 0 , 106696s , ISOIMAGE
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ISO session : 2 , 135536 , 108385s , ISOIMAGE
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ISO session : 3 , 250240 , 56202s , ISOIMAGE
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Media summary: 3 sessions, 271744 data blocks, 531m data, 0 free
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```
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Blanking to single session capability:
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This medium has to be blanked before further writing. For the DAO
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test, one can save time by fast blanking, which xorriso normally
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dislikes because the result is not capable of multi-session:
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```
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$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -blank deformat_quickest
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```
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should report on stderr
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```
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Blanking ( 1.0% done in 2 seconds )
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Blanking ( 95.4% done in 36 seconds )
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xorriso : UPDATE : Blanking ( 99.0% done in 37 seconds )
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...
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Media current: DVD-RW sequential recording
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Media status : is blank
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Media summary: 0 sessions, 0 data blocks, 0 data, 4489m free
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```
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Do not worry if the pacifier messages show no neat percentage progress.
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Some drives report "1.0%" until they are done. Some report "1.0%"
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after "99%".
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Writing a DAO session:
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Use one or more moderately sized directories as input. Here: `/usr/bin`.
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Terminate the list of `-add` arguments by argument `--`.
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It is important to have command `-close on` among the arguments.
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -outdev /dev/sr1 -close on -add /usr/bin --
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```
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should report on stderr
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```
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : 594 files added in 1 seconds
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Thank you for being patient. Working since 2 seconds.
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xorriso : UPDATE : Writing: 32s 0.1% fifo 100% buf 0% 0.1xD
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Writing: 2704s 5.1% fifo 11% buf 0% 3.9xD
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Writing: 20208s 38.2% fifo 52% buf 99% 4.0xD
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Writing: 52885s 100.0% fifo 0% buf 99% 0.0xD
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ISO image produced: 52735 sectors
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Written to media : 52885 sectors at LBA 0
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Writing to '/dev/sr1' completed successfully.
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```
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Do not worry if there is no progress to see for a few dozen seconds
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at the beginning.
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The run will last at least as long as writing of 1 GB would need.
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If you write less data, then there will be a lot of zero progress
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messages at the end of writing.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Checkreading the result:
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -indev /dev/sr1 -check_md5_r sorry / --
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```
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The word "sorry" sets the severity class of the event message, which is
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emitted in case of MD5 mismatch. (See man xorriso, "Exception processing".)
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This should report on stderr
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```
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...
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Drive current: -indev '/dev/sr1'
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Media current: DVD-RW sequential recording
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Media status : is written , is closed
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Media summary: 1 session, 52885 data blocks, 103m data, 0 free
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Volume id : 'ISOIMAGE'
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xorriso : UPDATE : 568079 content bytes read in 5 seconds
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xorriso : UPDATE : 17074k content bytes read in 10 seconds
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : 103.7m content bytes read in 35 seconds
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File contents and their MD5 checksums match.
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```
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and the exit value should be 0, if no mismatch was reported.
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A mismatch message would look like
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```
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...
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MD5 MISMATCH: '/usr/bin/ncursesw5-config'
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...
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Mismatch detected between file contents and MD5 checksums.
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xorriso : SORRY : Event triggered by MD5 comparison mismatch
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xorriso : NOTE : Tolerated problem event of severity 'SORRY'
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xorriso : NOTE : -return_with SORRY 32 triggered by problem severity SORRY
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```
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and the exit value would be non-zero.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Blanking to multi-session capability:
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```
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$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -blank as_needed
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```
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This will need as long as writing the DVD-RW up to its end.
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Blanking option `as_needed` lets xorriso decide what to do in order
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to make the medium writable from scratch. With DVD-RW it will decide for
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`-blank all`.
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The report on stderr should end by
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```
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Blanking ( 98.9% done in 902 seconds )
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xorriso : UPDATE : Blanking ( 99.0% done in 903 seconds )
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xorriso : UPDATE : Blanking ( 99.0% done in 904 seconds )
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Blanking done
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xorriso : NOTE : Re-assessing -outdev '/dev/sr1'
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Drive current: -outdev '/dev/sr1'
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Media current: DVD-RW sequential recording
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Media status : is blank
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Media summary: 0 sessions, 0 data blocks, 0 data, 4489m free
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```
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Writing multiple sessions (DVD-RW write type Incremental):
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This time do not perform command `-close on`, so that the medium
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stays writable:
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -dev /dev/sr1 -add /usr/lib --
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Writing: 105280s 98.6% fifo 0% buf 77% 3.5xD
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xorriso : UPDATE : Writing: 106796s 100.0% fifo 0% buf 62% 2.2xD
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xorriso : UPDATE : Closing track/session. Working since 44 seconds
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Closing track/session. Working since 77 seconds
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ISO image produced: 106646 sectors
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Written to media : 106800 sectors at LBA 0
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Writing to '/dev/sr1' completed successfully.
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```
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Checkread like after the DAO test:
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -indev /dev/sr1 -check_md5_r sorry / --
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : 204.0m content bytes read in 63 seconds
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File contents and their MD5 checksums match.
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```
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Writing the second session looks like the first one. Just use another
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set of input files to get a visible change in the ISO 9660 file tree:
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -dev /dev/sr1 -add /usr/bin --
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...
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Written to media : 53408 sectors at LBA 135488
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Writing to '/dev/sr1' completed successfully.
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```
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And checkread the whole tree of files (i.e. both sessions):
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -indev /dev/sr1 -check_md5_r sorry / --
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : 307.8m content bytes read in 89 seconds
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File contents and their MD5 checksums match.
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```
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At the end of writing a final session, the medium can be closed.
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It will not take more writing unless it gets blanked or formatted.
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So use command `-close on` to demand closing after writing.
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -dev /dev/sr1 -close on -add /usr/sbin --
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...
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Written to media : 16160 sectors at LBA 195056
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Writing to '/dev/sr1' completed successfully.
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```
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Checkread
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```
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$ xorriso -md5 on -indev /dev/sr1 -check_md5_r sorry / --
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...
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Media current: DVD-RW sequential recording
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Media status : is written , is closed
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Media summary: 3 sessions, 176368 data blocks, 344m data, 4064m free
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : 337.7m content bytes read in 97 seconds
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File contents and their MD5 checksums match.
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```
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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If the drive tray can move by itself, you may now eject the medium:
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```
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$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -eject all
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```
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Other applicable media types:
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These test runs for sequential DVD-RW may be performed on CD-RW with the
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same xorriso arguments. Be aware that `/usr/lib` will hardly fit on a CD.
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So choose smaller directories for CD.
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`-blank deformat_quickest` addresses a peculiarity of DVD-RW.
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It will work on other media like `-blank fast`.
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Except the blanking runs, the tests may also be performed on BD-R, DVD-R,
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DVD+R, and CD-R. But you would waste two media by this.
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The first session on CD will always be written with write type SAO,
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further sessions will be written with TAO.
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CD-R and DVD-R have a simulation mode. It can be enabled by xorriso
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command `-dummy on`, but of course it will not produce readable results.
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So this simulation is usable only for first sessions on blank media.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Now for formatted overwritable media:
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All blank, write and check runs of above tests "Writing multiple sessions"
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may also be performed with DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, formatted DVD-RW, and BD-RE.
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There is no way to close formatted media. The command `-close on`
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gets silently ignored.
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The write methods and states of formatted media differ from those of
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sequential media. But xorriso presents to the user a unified
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multi-session usage model, under the assumption that all emulated
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sessions contain ISO 9660 filesystem images, which successively
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build on each other.
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So from the view of xorriso commands, the only task which makes
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them differ from sequential media, is to apply optional formatting
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or re-formatting.
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A special case are BD-R, which xorriso may format but will not bring
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into (pseudo-) overwritable state. Formatted BD-R perform Defect
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Management by default, which checkreads during writing and replaces
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bad block.
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The mandatory formatting of unused DVD+RW and BD-RE is done by xorriso
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automatically. Just start a normal write run. DVD-RAM are sold formatted.
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xorriso treats overwritable media with a valid ISO 9660 filesystem as
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appendable media. To make then writable from scratch, apply
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`-blank as_needed`, which will actually write a few bytes into the PVD
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(superblock) of the ISO filesystem to invalidate it.
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De-formatting is only possible with DVD-RW. E.g. by `-blank deformat`.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Format DVD-RW for overwriting without intermediate blanking,
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or format BD-R for Defect Management:
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```
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$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -format as_needed
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```
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should report on stderr
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```
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...
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xorriso : UPDATE : Formatting ( 99.0% done in 912 seconds )
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Formatting done
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xorriso : NOTE : Re-assessing -outdev '/dev/sr1'
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Drive current: -outdev '/dev/sr1'
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Media current: DVD-RW restricted overwrite
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Media status : is blank
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Media summary: 0 sessions, 0 data blocks, 0 data, 4488m free
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```
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As with blanking, one should not worry if the progress messages show
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unplausible percentages. Some drives are more equal than others.
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Formatting is said to be much stress to the medium. `-format` option
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`as_needed` applies it only to yet unformatted media.
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When performing above write tests, take care to use `-blank as_needed`
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rather than `-blank deformat_quickest`. Else you will get a sequential
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unformatted DVD-RW rather than a formatted DVD-RW which xorriso is
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willing to write from scratch.
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There is no use in a separate "DAO" test on overwritable media anyway.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Change the formatted size of a BD-RE:
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First learn about formatted size and proposals of other sizes.
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(One can issue own wishes, too. See in man xorriso, command `-format`.)
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```
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$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -list_formats
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```
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should tell on stdout
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```
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...
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Format status: formatted, with 23610.0 MiB
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BD Spare Area: 0 blocks consumed, 131072 blocks available
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Format idx 0 : 00h , 11826176s , 23098.0 MiB
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Format idx 1 : 01h , 11564032s , 22586.0 MiB
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Format idx 2 : 30h , 11826176s , 23098.0 MiB
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Format idx 3 : 30h , 11564032s , 22586.0 MiB
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Format idx 4 : 30h , 12088320s , 23610.0 MiB
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Format idx 5 : 31h , 12219392s , 23866.0 MiB
|
|
```
|
|
So lets go back from 23610.0 MiB to the default size of 23098.0 MiB
|
|
```
|
|
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -format by_index_2 -blank as_needed
|
|
...
|
|
Media summary: 2 sessions, 105470 data blocks, 206m data, 22.4g free
|
|
```
|
|
Although the heads of the old sessions might remain readable after
|
|
`-format`, better do not rely on this and a append `-blank as_needed` to
|
|
avoid any data corruption.
|
|
If you want to keep the data, then make at least a checkread run.
|
|
|
|
Check whether the size has changed:
|
|
```
|
|
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr1 -list_formats
|
|
```
|
|
should tell on stdout
|
|
```
|
|
...
|
|
Format status: formatted, with 23098.0 MiB
|
|
BD Spare Area: 0 blocks consumed, 393216 blocks available
|
|
...
|
|
```
|