libisoburn/xorriso/xorriso.1

.\"                                      Hey, EMACS: -*- nroff -*-
.\"
.\" IMPORTANT NOTE:
.\"
.\"        The original of this file is kept in xorriso/xorriso.texi
.\"        This here was generated by program xorriso/make_xorriso_1
.\"
.\"
.\" First parameter, NAME, should be all caps
.\" Second parameter, SECTION, should be 1-8, maybe w/ subsection
.\" other parameters are allowed: see man(7), man(1)
.TH XORRISO 1 "Mar 09, 2011"
.\" Please adjust this date whenever revising the manpage.
.\"
.\" Some roff macros, for reference:
.\" .nh        disable hyphenation
.\" .hy        enable hyphenation
.\" .ad l      left justify
.\" .ad b      justify to both left and right margins
.\" .nf        disable filling
.\" .fi        enable filling
.\" .br        insert line break
.\" .sp <n>    insert n+1 empty lines
.\" for manpage-specific macros, see man(7)
.nh
.SH NAME
xorriso - creates, loads, manipulates and writes ISO 9660 filesystem images
with Rock Ridge extensions.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xorriso
.RI [ settings | actions ]
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
\fBxorriso\fR
is a program which copies file objects from POSIX compliant
filesystems into Rock Ridge enhanced ISO 9660 filesystems and allows
session-wise manipulation of such filesystems. It can load the management
information of existing ISO images and it writes the session results to
optical media or to filesystem objects.
.br
Vice versa xorriso is able to copy file objects out of ISO 9660 filesystems.
.PP
A special property of xorriso is that it needs neither an external ISO 9660
formatter program nor an external burn program for CD, DVD or BD but rather
incorporates the libraries of libburnia-project.org .
.SS
.B Overview of features:
.br
Operates on an existing ISO image or creates a new one.
.br
Copies files from disk filesystem into the ISO image.
.br
Copies files from ISO image to disk filesystem (see osirrox).
.br
Renames or deletes file objects in the ISO image.
.br
Changes file properties in the ISO image.
.br
Updates ISO subtrees incrementally to match given disk subtrees.
.br
Writes result either as completely new image or as add-on session
to optical media or filesystem objects.
.br
Can activate ISOLINUX and GRUB boot images via El Torito and MBR.
.br
Can perform multi-session tasks as emulation of mkisofs and cdrecord.
.br
Can record and restore hard links and ACL.
.br
Content may get zisofs compressed or filtered by external processes.
.br
Can issue commands to mount older sessions on GNU/Linux or FreeBSD.
.br
Can check media for damages and copy readable blocks to disk.
.br
Can attach MD5 checksums to each data file and the whole session.
.br
Scans for optical drives, blanks re-useable optical media.
.br
Reads its instructions from command line arguments, dialog, and files.
.br
Provides navigation commands for interactive ISO image manipulation.
.br
Adjustable thresholds for abort, exit value, and problem reporting.
.SS
.B General information paragraphs:
.br
Session model
.br
Media types and states
.br
Creating, Growing, Modifying, Blind Growing
.br
Libburn drives
.br
Rock Ridge, POSIX, X/Open, El Torito, ACL, xattr
.br
Command processing
.br
Dialog, Readline, Result pager
.sp 1
Maybe you first want to have a look at section EXAMPLES near the end of
this text before reading the next few hundred lines of background information.
.SS
\fBSession model:\fR
.br
Unlike other filesystems, ISO 9660 is not intended for read-write operation but
rather for being generated in a single sweep and being written to media as a
\fBsession\fR.
.br
The data content of the session is called filesystem \fBimage\fR.
.PP
The written image in its session can then be mounted by the operating system
for being used read-only. GNU/Linux is able to mount ISO images from block
devices, which may represent optical media, other media or via a loop device
even from regular disk files. FreeBSD mounts ISO images from devices that
represent arbitrary media or from regular disk files.
.PP
This session usage model has been extended on CD media by the concept of
\fBmulti-session\fR ,
which allows to add information to the CD and gives the mount programs
of the operating systems the addresses of the entry points of each
session. The mount programs recognize block devices which represent
CD media and will by default mount the image in the last session.
.br
This session usually contains an updated directory tree for the whole media
which governs the data contents in all recorded sessions.
So in the view of the mount program all sessions of a particular media
together form a single filesystem image.
.br
Adding a session to an existing ISO image is in this text referred as
\fBgrowing\fR.
.br
The multi-session model of the MMC standard does not apply to all media
types. But program growisofs by Andy Polyakov showed how to extend this
functionality to overwriteable media or disk files which carry valid ISO 9660
filesystems.
.PP
xorriso provides growing as well as an own method named
\fBmodifying\fR which produces a completely new ISO image from the old
one and the modifications.
See paragraph Creating, Growing, Modifying, Blind Growing below.
.PP
xorriso adopts the concept of multi-session by loading an eventual image
directory tree, allowing to manipulate it by several actions, and to write
the new image to the target media.
.br
The first session of a xorriso run begins by the definition of the input
drive with the eventual ISO image or by the definition of an output drive.
The session ends by command -commit which triggers writing. A -commit is
done automatically when the program ends regularly.
.PP
After -commit a new session begins with the freshly written one as input.
A new input drive can only be chosen as long as the loaded ISO image was
not altered. Pending alteration can be revoked by command -rollback.
.PP
Writing a session to the target is supposed to be very expensive in terms of
time and of consumed space on appendable or write-once media. Therefore all
intended manipulations of a particular ISO image should be done in a single
session. But in principle it is possible
to store intermediate states and to continue with image manipulations.
.SS
.B Media types and states:
There are two families of media in the MMC standard:
.br
\fBMulti-session media\fR are CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD+R/DL, BD-R, and
unformatted DVD-RW. These media provide a table of content which
describes their existing sessions. See option \fB\-toc\fR.
.br
Similar to multi-session media are DVD-R DL and minimally blanked DVD-RW.
They allow only a single session of which the size must be known in advance.
xorriso will write onto them only if option -close is set to "on".
.br
\fBOverwriteable media\fR are DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, BD-RE, and formatted DVD-RW.
They allow random write access but do not provide information about their
session history. If they contain one or more ISO 9660 sessions and if the
first session was written by xorriso, then a table of content can
be emulated. Else only a single overall session will be visible.
.br
DVD-RW media can be formatted by -format "full". 
They can be made unformatted by -blank "deformat".
.br
Regular files and block devices are handled as overwriteable media.
Pipes and other writeable file types are handled as blank multi-session media.
.PP
These media can assume several states in which they offer different
capabilities.
.br
\fBBlank\fR media can be written from scratch. They contain no ISO image
suitable for xorriso.
.br
Blank is the state of newly purchased optical media.
With used CD-RW and DVD-RW it can be achieved by action -blank "as_needed".
Overwriteable media are considered blank if they are new or if they have
been marked as blank by xorriso.
Action -blank "as_needed" can be used to do this marking on overwriteable
media, or to apply eventual mandatory formatting to new media.
.br
\fBAppendable\fR media accept further sessions. Either they are MMC
multi-session media in appendable state, or they are overwriteable media
which contain an ISO image suitable for xorriso.
.br
Appendable is the state after writing a session with option -close off.
.br
\fBClosed\fR media cannot be written. They may contain an ISO image suitable
for xorriso.
.br
Closed is the state of DVD-ROM media and of multi-session media which were
written with option -close on. If the drive is read-only hardware then it will
probably show any media as closed CD-ROM resp. DVD-ROM.
.br
Overwriteable media assume this state in such read-only drives or if they
contain unrecognizable data in the first 32 data blocks.
.br
Read-only drives may or may not show session histories of multi-session
media. Often only the first and the last session are visible. Sometimes
not even that. Option -rom_toc_scan might or might not help in such cases.
.SS
.B Creating, Growing, Modifying, Blind Growing:
.br
A new empty ISO image gets \fBcreated\fR
if there is no input drive with a valid ISO 9660 image when the first time
an output drive is defined. This is achieved by option -dev on blank media
or by option -outdev on media in any state.
.br
The new empty image can be populated with directories and files.
Before it can be written, the media in the output drive must get into
blank state if it was not blank already.
.PP
If there is a input drive with a valid ISO image, then this image gets loaded
as foundation for manipulations and extension. The constellation of input
and output drive determines which write method will be used.
They have quite different capabilities and constraints.
.PP
The method of \fBgrowing\fR adds new data to the existing media. These
data comprise of eventual new file content and they override the existing
ISO 9660 + Rock Ridge directory tree. It is possible to hide files from
previous sessions but they still exist on media and with many types of
optical media it is quite easy to recover them by mounting older sessions.
.br
Growing is achieved by option -dev.
.PP
The write method of \fBmodifying\fR produces compact filesystem
images with no outdated files or directory trees. Modifying can write its
images to target media which are completely unsuitable for multi-session
operations. E.g. DVD-RW which were treated with -blank deformat_quickest,
DVD-R DL, named pipes, character devices, sockets.
On the other hand modified sessions cannot be written to appendable media
but to blank media only.
.br
So for this method one needs either two optical drives or has to work with
filesystem objects as source and/or target media.
.br
Modifying takes place if input drive and output drive are not the same and
if option -grow_blindly is set to its default "off".
This is achieved by options -indev and -outdev.
.PP
If option -grow_blindly is set to a non-negative number and if -indev and
-outdev are both set to different drives, then \fBblind growing\fR is
performed. It produces an add-on session which is ready for being written
to the given block address. This is the usage model of
.br
 mkisofs -M $indev -C $msc1,$msc2 -o $outdev
.br
which gives much room for wrong parameter combinations and should thus only be
employed if a strict distinction between ISO formatter xorriso and the burn
program is desired. -C $msc1,$msc2 is equivalent to:
.br
 -load sbsector $msc1 -grow_blindly $msc2
.SS
.B Libburn drives:
.br
Input drive, i.e. source of an existing or empty ISO image, can be any random
access readable libburn drive: optical media with readable data,
blank optical media, regular files, block devices.
.PP
Output drive, i.e. target for writing, can be any libburn drive.
Some drive types do not support the method of growing but only the methods
of modifying and blind growing. They all are suitable for newly created images.
.br
All drive file objects have to offer rw-permission to the user of xorriso.
Even those which will not be useable for reading an ISO image.
.PP
MMC compliant (i.e. optical) drives on GNU/Linux usually get addressed by
the path of their block device or of their generic character device. E.g.
.br
  -dev /dev/sr0
.br
  -dev /dev/hdc
.br
  -dev /dev/sg2
.br
On FreeBSD the device files have names like
.br
  -dev /dev/cd0
.br
On OpenSolaris:
.br
  -dev /dev/rdsk/c4t0d0s2
.br
Get a list of accessible drives by command
.br
  -devices
.br
It might be necessary to do this as
\fBsuperuser\fR
in order to see all drives and to then allow rw-access for the intended users.
Consider to bundle the authorized users in a group like old "floppy".
.PP
Filesystem objects of nearly any type can be addressed by prefix "stdio:" and
their path in the filesystem. E.g.:
.br
  -dev stdio:/dev/sdc
.br
The default setting of -drive_class allows to address files outside the
/dev tree without that prefix. E.g.:
.br
  -dev /tmp/pseudo_drive
.br
If path leads to a regular file or to a block device then the emulated drive
is random access readable and can be used for the method of growing if it
already contains a valid ISO 9660 image. Any other file type is not readable
via "stdio:" and can only be used as target for the method of modifying or
blind growing.
Non-existing paths in existing directories are handled as empty regular files.
.PP
A very special kind of pseudo drive are open file descriptors. They are
depicted by "stdio:/dev/fd/" and descriptor number (see man 2 open).
.br
Addresses "-" or "stdio:/dev/fd/1" depict standard output, which normally is
the output channel for result texts.
To prevent a fatal intermingling of ISO image and text messages, all result
texts get redirected to stderr if -*dev "-" or "stdio:/dev/fd/1" is among
the start arguments of the program.
.br
Standard output is currently suitable for creating one session
per program run without dialog. Use in other situations is discouraged
and several restrictions apply: 
.br
It is not allowed to use standard output as pseudo drive if it was not
among the start arguments. Do not try to fool this ban via backdoor addresses
to stdout.
.br
If stdout is used as drive, then -use_readline is permanently disabled.
Use of backdoors can cause severe memory and/or tty corruption.
.PP
Be aware that especially the superuser can write into any accessible file or
device by using its path with the "stdio:" prefix. By default any address
in the /dev tree without prefix "stdio:" will work only if it leads to a MMC
drive.
.br
One may use option
\fB\-ban_stdio_write\fR
to surely prevent this risk and to allow only MMC drives.
.br
One may prepend "mmc:" to a path to surely disallow any automatic "stdio:".
.br
By option -drive_class one may ban certain paths or allow access without
prefix "stdio:" to other paths.
.SS
.B Rock Ridge, POSIX, X/Open, El Torito, ACL, xattr:
.br
\fBRock Ridge\fR
is the name of a set of additional information which enhance
an ISO 9660 filesystem so that it can represent a POSIX compliant filesystem
with ownership, access permissions, symbolic links, and other attributes.
.br
This is what xorriso uses for a decent representation of the disk files
within the ISO image. Rock Ridge information is produced with any xorriso
image.
.PP
xorriso is not named "porriso" because POSIX only guarantees 14 characters
of filename length. It is the X/Open System Interface standard XSI which
demands a file name length of up to 255 characters and paths of up to 1024
characters. Rock Ridge fulfills this demand.
.PP
An \fBEl Torito\fR
boot record points the BIOS bootstrapping facility to one or more boot
images, which are binary program files stored in the ISO image.
The content of the boot image files is not in the scope of El Torito.
.br
Most bootable GNU/Linux CDs are equipped with ISOLINUX or GRUB boot images.
xorriso is able to create or maintain an El Torito object which makes such
an image bootable. For details see option -boot_image.
.br
It is possible to make ISO images bootable from USB stick or other
hard-disk-like media by -boot_image argument system_area= . This installs
a Master Boot Record which may get adjusted according to the needs
of GRUB resp. ISOLINUX.
An \fBMBR\fR contains boot code and a partition table. It does not hamper
CDROM booting. The new MBR of a follow-up session can get in effect
only on overwriteable media.
.br
Emulation -as mkisofs supports the example options out of the ISOLINUX wiki,
the options used in GRUB script grub-mkrescue, and the example in the
FreeBSD AvgLiveCD wiki.
.br
There is support for boot facilities other than PC BIOS:
EFI, MIPS Big Endian (SGI), MIPS Little Endian (DEC), SUN SPARC.
.br
.PP
\fBACL\fR
are an advanced way of controlling access permissions to file objects. Neither
ISO 9660 nor Rock Ridge specify a way to record ACLs. So libisofs has
introduced a standard conformant extension named AAIP for that purpose.
It uses this extension if enabled by option
\fB\-acl\fR.
.br
AAIP enhanced images are supposed to be mountable normally, but one cannot
expect that the mounted filesystem will show and respect the eventual ACLs.
For now, only xorriso is able to retrieve those ACLs. It can bring them into
effect when files get restored to an ACL enabled file system or it can
print them in a format suitable for tool setfacl.
.br
Files with ACL show as group permissions the setting of entry "mask::" if
that entry exists. Nevertheless the non-listed group members get handled
according to entry "group::". xorriso brings "group::" into effect before
eventually removing the ACL from a file.
.PP
\fBxattr\fR (aka EA)
are pairs of name and value which can be attached to file objects. AAIP is
able to represent them and xorriso allows to record and restore pairs which
have names out of the user namespace. I.e. those which begin with "user.",
like "user.x" or "user.whatever". Name has to be a 0 terminated string.
Value may be any array of bytes which does not exceed the size of 4095 bytes.
xattr processing happens only if it is enabled by option
\fB\-xattr\fR.
.br
As with ACL, currently only xorriso is able to retrieve xattr from AAIP
enhanced images, to restore them to xattr capable file systems, or to print
them. 
.SS
.B Command processing:
.br
Commands are either actions which happen immediately or settings which
influence following actions. So their sequence does matter.
.br
Commands consist of a command word,
followed by zero or more parameter words. If the list of parameter words
is of variable length (indicated by "[...]" or "[***]") then it has to be
terminated by either the \fBlist delimiter\fR, or the end of argument list,
or an end of an input line.
.PP
At program start the list delimiter is the word "--".
This may be changed by option -list_delimiter in order to allow
"--" as argument in a list of variable length.
It is advised to reset the delimiter to "--" immediately
afterwards.
.br
For brevity the list delimiter is referred as "--"
throughout this text.
.br
The list delimiter is silently tolerated if it appears after the parameters of
a command with a fixed list length. It is handled as normal text if it
appears among the arguments of such a command.
.PP
\fBPattern expansion\fR
converts a list of pattern words into a list of existing file addresses.
Eventual unmatched pattern words appear themselves in that result list, though.
.br
Pattern matching supports the usual shell parser wildcards '*' '?' '[xyz]'
and respects '/' as separator which may only be matched literally.
.br
It is a property of some particular commands and not a general
feature. It gets controlled by commands -iso_rr_pattern and -disk_pattern.
Commands which eventually use pattern expansion all have variable argument
lists which are marked in this man page by "[***]" rather than "[...]".
.br
Some other commands perform pattern matching unconditionally.
.PP
Command and parameter words are either read from program arguments, where one
argument is one word, or from quoted input lines where words are recognized
similar to the quotation rules of a shell parser.
.br
xorriso is not a shell, although it might appear so on first glimpse.
Be aware that the interaction of quotation marks and pattern symbols like "*"
differs from the usual shell parsers. In xorriso, a quotation mark does not
make a pattern symbol literal.
.PP
\fBQuoted input\fR
converts whitespace separated text pieces into words.
The double quotation mark " and the single quotation mark ' can be used to
enclose whitespace and make it part of words (e.g. of file names). Each mark
type can enclose the marks of the other type. A trailing backslash \\ outside
quotations or an open quotation cause the next input line to be appended.
.br
Quoted input accepts any ASCII character except NUL (0) as content of quotes.
Nevertheless it can be cumbersome for the user to produce those characters
at all. Therefore quoted input and program arguments allow optional
\fBBackslash Interpretation\fR
which can represent all ASCII characters except NUL (0) by backslash codes
as in $'...' of bash.
.br
It is not enabled by default. See option -backslash_codes.
.PP
When the program begins then it first looks for argument -no_rc. If this is
not present then it looks for its startup files and
eventually reads their content as command input lines. Then it interprets
the program arguments as commands and parameters and finally it enters
dialog mode if command -dialog "on" was executed up to then.
.PP
The program ends either by command -end, or by the end of program arguments
if not dialog was enabled up to that moment, or by a problem
event which triggers the threshold of command -abort_on.
.SS
.B Dialog, Readline, Result pager:
.br
Dialog mode prompts for a quoted input line, parses it into words, and performs
them as commands with their parameters. It provides assisting services
to make dialog more comfortable.
.PP
Readline is an enhancement for the input line. You may know it already from
the bash shell. Whether it is available in xorriso depends on the availability
of package readline-dev at the time when xorriso was built from its sourcecode.
.br
It allows to move the cursor over the text in the line by help of the
Leftward and the Rightward arrow key.
Text may be inserted at the cursor position. The Delete key removes the
character under the cursor. Upward and Downward arrow keys navigate through
the history of previous input lines. 
.br
See man readline
for more info about libreadline.
.PP
Option -page activates a built-in result text pager which may be convenient in
dialog. After an action has put out the given number of terminal lines,
the pager prompts the user for a line of input.
.br
An empty line lets xorriso resume work until the next page is put out.
.br
The single character "@" disables paging for the current action.
.br
"@@@", "x", "q", "X", or "Q" urge the current action to abort and suppress
further result output.
.br
Any other line will be interpreted as new dialog line. The current action
is urged to abort. Afterwards, the input line is executed.
.PP
Some actions apply paging to their info output, too.
.br
The urge to abort may or may not be obeyed by the current action. All actions
try to abort as soon as possible.
.br
.SH OPTIONS
.br
All command words are shown with a leading dash although this dash is not
mandatory for the option to be recognized. Nevertheless within option -as
the dashes of the emulated options are mandatory.
.br
Normally any number of leading dashes is ignored with command words and
inner dashes are interpreted as underscores.
.TP
.B Aquiring source and target drive:
.PP
Before aquiring a drive one will eventually enable options which influence
the behavior of image loading. See next option group.
.TP
\fB\-dev\fR address
Set input and output drive to the same address and load an eventual ISO image.
If there is no ISO image then create a blank one.
Set the image expansion method to growing.
.br
This is only allowed as long as no changes are pending in the currently
loaded ISO image. Eventually  one has to perform -commit or -rollback first.
.br
Special address string "-" means standard output, to which several restrictions
apply. See above paragraph "Libburn drives".
.br
An empty address string "" gives up the current device
without aquiring a new one.
.TP
\fB\-indev\fR address
Set input drive and load an eventual ISO image. If the new input drive differs
from -outdev then switch from growing to modifying or to blind growing.
It depends on the setting of -grow_blindly which of both gets activated.
The same rules and restrictions apply as with -dev.
.TP
\fB\-outdev\fR address
Set output drive and if it differs from the input drive then switch from
growing to modifying or to blind growing. Unlike -dev and -indev this action
does not load a new ISO image. So it can be performed even if there are pending
changes.
.br
-outdev can be performed without previous -dev or -indev. In that case an
empty ISO image with no changes pending is created. It can either be populated
by help of -map, -add et.al. or it can be discarded silently if -dev or -indev
are performed afterwards.
.br
Special address string "-" means standard output, to which several restrictions
apply. See above paragraph "Libburn drives".
.br
An empty address string "" gives up the current output drive
without aquiring a new one. No writing is possible without an output drive.
.TP
\fB\-grow_blindly\fR "off"|predicted_nwa
If predicted_nwa is a non-negative number then perform blind growing rather
than modifying if -indev and -outdev are set to different drives.
"off" or "-1" switch to modifying, which is the default.
.br
predicted_nwa is the block address where the add-on session of blind
growing will finally end up. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure
this final position and the presence of the older sessions. Else the
overall ISO image will not be mountable or will produce read errors when
accessing file content. xorriso will write the session to the address
as obtained from examining -outdev and not necessarily to predicted_nwa.
.br
During a run of blind growing, the input drive is given up before output
begins. The output drive is given up when writing is done.
.TP
.B Influencing the behavior of image loading:
.PP
The following options should normally be performed before loading an image
by aquiring an input drive. In rare cases it is desirable to activate
them only after image loading.
.TP
\fB\-load\fR entity id
Load a particular (possibly outdated) ISO session from -dev or -indev.
Usually all available sessions are shown with option -toc.
.br
entity depicts the kind of addressing. id depicts the particular
address. The following entities are defined:
.br
"auto" with any id addresses the last session in -toc. This is the default.
.br
"session" with id being a number as of a line "ISO session", column "Idx".
.br
"track" with id being a number as of a line "ISO track", column "Idx".
.br
"lba" or "sbsector" with a number as of a line "ISO ...", column "sbsector".
.br
"volid" with a search pattern for a text as of a line "ISO ...",
column "Volume Id".
.br
Adressing a non-existing entity or one which does not represent an ISO
image will either abandon -indev or at least lead to a blank image.
.br
If an input drive is set at the moment when -load is executed, then the
addressed ISO image is loaded immediately. Else, the setting will be pending
until the next -dev or -indev. After the image has been loaded once, the
setting is valid for -rollback until next -dev or -indev, where it
will be reset to "auto".
.TP
\fB\-displacement\fR [-]lba
Compensate an eventual displacement of the image versus the start address
for which the image was prepared. This affects only loading of ISO images
and reading of their files. The multi-session method of growing is not allowed
as long as -displacement is non-zero. I.e. -indev and -outdev must be
different. Eventually the displacement is reset to 0 before the drive
gets re-aquired after writing.
.br
Examples:
.br
If a track of a CD starts at block 123456 and gets copied to a disk file
where it begins at block 0, then this copy can be loaded with
-displacement -123456.
.br
If an ISO image was written onto a partition with offset of 640000 blocks of
512 bytes, then it can be loaded from the base device by -displacement 160000.
.br
In both cases, the ISO sessions should be self contained, i.e. not add-on
sessions to an ISO image outside their track resp. partition.
.TP
\fB\-drive_class\fR "harmless"|"banned"|"caution"|"clear_list" disk_pattern
Add a drive path pattern to one of the safety lists or make those lists empty.
There are three lists defined which get tested in the following sequence:
.br
If a drive address path matches the "harmless" list then the drive will be
accepted. If it is not a MMC device then the prefix "stdio:" will be prepended
automatically. This list is empty by default.
.br
Else if the path matches the "banned" list then the drive will not be
accepted by xorriso but rather lead to a FAILURE event. This list is empty by
default.
.br
Else if the path matches the "caution" list and if it is not a MMC device,
then its address must have the prefix "stdio:" or it will be rejected.
This list has by default one entry: "/dev".
.br
If a drive path matches no list then it is considered "harmless". By default
these are all paths which do not begin with directory "/dev".
.br
A path matches a list if one of its parent paths or itself matches a list
entry. An eventual address prefix "stdio:" or "mmc:" will be ignored when
testing for matches.
.br
By pseudo-class "clear_list" and pseudo-patterns "banned", "caution",
"harmless", or "all", the lists may be made empty.
.br
E.g.: -drive_class clear_list banned
.br
One will normally define the -drive_class lists in one of the xorriso
Startup Files.
.br
Note: This is not a security feature but rather a bumper for the superuser to
prevent inadverted mishaps. For reliably blocking access to a device file you
have to deny its rw-permissions in the filesystem.
.TP
\fB\-assert_volid\fR pattern severity
Refuse to load ISO images with volume ids which do not match the given
search pattern. When refusing an image, give up the input drive and issue
an event of the given severity (like FAILURE, see -abort_on). An empty search
pattern accepts any image.
.br
This option does not hamper the creation of an empty image from blank
input media and does not discard an already loaded image.
.TP
\fB\-in_charset\fR character_set_name
Set the character set from which to convert file names when loading an
image. This has eventually to be done before specifying -dev , -indev or
-rollback. See paragraph "Character sets" for more explanations.
When loading the written image after -commit the setting of -out_charset
will be copied to -in_charset.
.TP
\fB\-auto_charset\fR "on"|"off"
Enable or disable recording and interpretation of the output character
set name in an xattr attribute of the image root directory. If enabled then
an eventual recorded character set name gets used as input character set
when reading an image.
.br
Note that the default output charset is the local character set of the
terminal where xorriso runs. Before attributing this local character set
to the produced ISO image, check whether the terminal properly displays
all intended filenames, especially exotic national characters.
.TP
\fB\-hardlinks\fR mode[:mode...]
Enable or disable loading and recording of hardlink relations.
.br
In default mode "off", iso_rr files lose their inode numbers at image load
time. Each iso_rr file object which has no inode number at image generation
time will get a new unique inode number if -compliance is set to new_rr.
.br
Mode "on" preserves eventual inode numbers from the loaded image.
When committing a session it searches for families of iso_rr files
which stem from the same disk file, have identical content filtering and have
identical properties. The family members all get the same inode number.
Whether these numbers are respected at mount time depends on the operating
system.
.br
Commands -update and -update_r track splits and fusions of hard links in
filesystems which have stable device and inode numbers. This can cause
automatic last minute changes before the session gets written. Command
-hardlinks "perform_update" may be used to do these changes earlier,
e.g. if you need to apply filters to all updated files.
.br
Mode "without_update" avoids hardlink processing during update commands.
Use this if your filesystem situation does not allow -disk_dev_ino "on".
.br
xorriso commands which extract files from an ISO image try to hardlink files
with identical inode number. The normal scope of this operation is from
image load to image load. One may give up the accumulated hard link addresses
by -hardlinks "discard_extract". 
.br
A large number of hardlink families may exhaust -temp_mem_limit
if not -osirrox "sort_lba_on" and -hardlinks "cheap_sorted_extract"
are both in effect. This restricts hard linking to other files restored by
the same single extract command. -hardlinks "normal_extract" re-enables
wide and expensive hardlink accumulation.
.br
.TP
\fB\-acl\fR "on"|"off"
Enable or disable processing of ACLs.
If enabled, then xorriso will obtain ACLs from disk file objects,
store ACLs in the ISO image using the libisofs specific AAIP format,
load AAIP data from ISO images, test ACL during file comparison,
and restore ACLs to disk files when extracting them from ISO images.
See also options -getfacl, -setfacl.
.TP
\fB\-xattr\fR "on"|"off"
Enable or disable processing of xattr attributes in user namespace.
If enabled, then xorriso will handle xattr similar to ACL.
See also options -getfattr, -setfattr and above paragraph about xattr.
.TP
\fB\-md5\fR "on"|"all"|"off"|"load_check_off"
Enable or disable processing of MD5 checksums for the overall session and for
each single data file. If enabled then images get loaded only if eventual
checksums tags of superblock and directory tree match properly. The MD5
checksums of data files and whole session get loaded from the image if there
are any.
.br
With options -compare and -update the eventually recorded MD5 of a file
will be used to avoid content reading from the image. Only the disk file
content will be read and compared with that MD5. This can save much time
if -disk_dev_ino "on" is not suitable.
.br
At image generation time they are computed for each file which gets its data
written into the new session. The checksums of files which have their data
in older sessions get copied into the new session. Superblock, tree and whole
session get a checksum tag each.
.br
Mode "all" will additionally check during image generation whether the checksum
of a data file changed between the time when its reading began and the time
when it ended. This implies reading every file twice.
.br
Mode "load_check_off" together with "on" or "all" will load recorded MD5 sums
but not test the recorded checksum tags of superblock and directory tree.
This is necessary if growisofs was used as burn program, because it does
not overwrite the superblock checksum tag of the first session.
Therefore load_check_off is in effect when xorriso -as mkisofs option -M
is performed.
.br
The test can be re-enabled by mode "load_check_on".
.br
Checksums can be exploited via options -check_md5, -check_md5_r, via find
actions get_md5, check_md5, and via -check_media.
.TP
\fB\-for_backup\fR
Enable all extra features which help to produce or to restore backups with
highest fidelity of file properties.
Currently this is a shortcut for: -hardlinks on -acl on -xattr on -md5 on.
.TP
\fB\-disk_dev_ino\fR "on"|"ino_only"|"off"
Enable or disable processing of recorded file identification numbers
(dev_t and ino_t). They are eventually stored as xattr and allow
to substantially accelerate file comparison. The root node gets a global start
timestamp. If during comparison a file with younger timestamps is found in the
ISO image, then it is suspected to have inconsistent content.
.br
If device numbers and inode numbers of the disk filesystems are persistent
and if no irregular alterations of timestamps or system clock happen,
then potential content changes can be detected without reading that content.
File content change is assumed if any of mtime, ctime, device number or inode
number have changed.
.br
Mode "ino_only" replaces the precondition that device numbers are stable by the
precondition that mount points in the compared tree always lead to the
same filesystems. Use this if mode "on" always sees all files changed.
.br
The speed advantage appears only if the loaded session was produced with
-disk_dev_ino "on" too.
.br
Note that -disk_dev_ino "off" is totally in effect only if -hardlinks is "off",
too.
.TP
\fB\-rom_toc_scan\fR "on"|"force"|"off"[:"emul_on"|"emul_off"]
Read-only drives do not tell the actual media type but show any media as
ROM (e.g. as DVD-ROM). The session history of MMC multi-session media might
be truncated to first and last session or even be completely false.
(The eventual emulated history of overwriteable media is not affected by this.)
.br
To have in case of failure a chance of getting the session history and
especially the address of the last session, there is a scan for ISO 9660
filesystem headers which might help but also might yield worse results
than the drive's table of content. At its end it can cause read attempts
to invalid addresses and thus ugly drive behavior.
Setting "on" enables that scan for alleged read-only media.
.br
Some operating systems are not able to mount the most recent session of
multi-session DVD or BD. If on such a system xorriso has no own MMC
capabilities then it may still find that session from a scanned table of
content. Setting "force" handles any media like a ROM media with setting "on".
.br
On the other hand the emulation of session history on overwriteable media
can hamper reading of partly damaged media. Setting "off:emul_off" disables
the elsewise trustworthy table-of-content scan for those media.
.br
To be in effect, the -rom_toc_scan setting has to be made before the -*dev
command which aquires drive and media.
.TP
\fB\-calm_drive\fR "in"|"out"|"all"|"revoke"|"on"|"off"
Reduce drive noise until it is actually used again. Some drives stay alert
for substantial time after they have been used for reading. This reduces
the startup time for the next drive operation but can be loud and waste
energy if no i/o with the drive is expected to happen soon.
.br
Modes "in", "out", "all" immediately calm down -indev, -outdev, resp. both.
Mode "revoke" immediately alerts both.
Mode "on" causes -calm_drive to be performed automatically after each -dev,
-indev, and -outdev. Mode "off" disables this.
.TP
\fB\-ban_stdio_write\fR
Allow for writing only the usage of MMC optical drives. Disallow
to write the result into files of nearly arbitrary type.
Once set, this command cannot be revoked.
.TP
.B Inserting files into ISO image:
.PP
The following commands expect file addresses of two kinds:
.br
\fBdisk_path\fR
is a path to an object in the local filesystem tree.
.br
\fBiso_rr_path\fR
is the Rock Ridge name of a file object in the ISO image. (Do not
confuse with the lowlevel ISO 9660 names visible if Rock Ridge gets ignored.)
.PP
Note that in the ISO image you are as powerful as the superuser. Access
permissions of the existing files in the image do not apply to your write
operations. They are intended to be in effect with the read-only mounted image.
.PP
If the iso_rr_path of a newly inserted file leads to an existing
file object in the ISO image, then the following collision handling
happens:
.br
If both objects are directories then they get merged by recursively inserting
the subobjects from filesystem into ISO image.
If other file types collide then the setting of command
\fB\-overwrite\fR
decides.
.br
Renaming of files has similar collision handling, but directories can only
be replaced, not merged. Note that -mv inserts the source objects into an
eventual existing target directory rather than attempting to replace it.
.PP
The commands in this section alter the ISO image and not the local filesystem.
.TP
\fB\-disk_pattern\fR "on"|"ls"|"off"
Set the pattern expansion mode for the disk_path arguments of several
commands which support this feature.
.br
Setting "off" disables this feature for all commands which are marked in this
man page by "disk_path [***]" or "disk_pattern [***]".
.br
Setting "on" enables it for all those commands.
.br
Setting "ls" enables it only for those which are marked by
"disk_pattern [***]".
.br
Default is "ls".
.TP
\fB\-add\fR pathspec [...] | disk_path [***]
Insert the given files or directory trees from filesystem
into the ISO image.
.br
If -pathspecs is set to "on" then pattern expansion is always disabled and
character '=' has a special meaning. It eventually separates the ISO image path
from the disk path:
.br
iso_rr_path=disk_path
.br
The separator '=' can be escaped by '\\'.
If iso_rr_path does not begin with '/' then -cd is prepended.
If disk_path does not begin with '/' then -cdx is prepended.
.br
If no '=' is given then the word is used as both, iso_rr_path and disk path.
If in this case the word does not begin with '/' then -cdx is prepended to
the disk_path and -cd is prepended to the iso_rr_path.
.br
If -pathspecs is set to "off" then eventual -disk_pattern expansion applies.
The resulting words are used as both, iso_rr_path and disk path. Eventually
-cdx gets prepended to disk_path and -cd to iso_rr_path.
.TP
\fB\-add_plainly\fR mode
If set to mode "unknown" then any command word that does not begin with "-" and
is not recognized as known command will be subject to a virtual -add command.
I.e. it will be used as pathspec or as disk_path and added to the image.
Eventually -disk_pattern expansion applies to disk_paths.
.br
Mode "dashed" is similar to "unknown" but also adds unrecognized command
words even if they begin with "-".
.br
Mode "any" announces that all further words are to be added as pathspecs
or disk_paths. This does not work in dialog mode.
.br
Mode "none" is the default. It prevents any words from being understood
as files to add, if they are not parameters to appropriate commands.
.TP
\fB\-path_list\fR disk_path
Like -add but read the parameter words from file disk_path
or standard input if disk_path is "-". 
The list must contain exactly one pathspec resp. disk_path pattern per line. 
.TP
\fB\-quoted_path_list\fR disk_path
Like -path_list but with quoted input reading rules. Lines get split into
parameter words for -add. Whitespace outside quotes is discarded.
.TP
\fB\-map\fR disk_path iso_rr_path
Insert file object disk_path into the ISO image as iso_rr_path. If disk_path
is a directory then its whole sub tree is inserted into the ISO image.
.TP
\fB\-map_single\fR disk_path iso_rr_path
Like -map, but if disk_path is a directory then its sub tree is not inserted.
.TP
\fB\-map_l\fR disk_prefix iso_rr_prefix disk_path [***]
Perform -map with each of the disk_path arguments. iso_rr_path will be
composed from disk_path by replacing disk_prefix by iso_rr_prefix.
.TP
\fB\-update\fR disk_path iso_rr_path
Compare file object disk_path with file object iso_rr_path. If they do not
match, then perform the necessary image manipulations to make iso_rr_path
a matching copy of disk_path. By default this comparison will imply lengthy
content reading before a decision is made. Options -disk_dev_ino or -md5 may
accelerate comparison if they were already in effect when the loaded session
was recorded.
.br
If disk_path is a directory and iso_rr_path does not exist yet, then the
whole subtree will be inserted. Else only directory attributes will be
updated.
.TP
\fB\-update_r\fR disk_path iso_rr_path
Like -update but working recursively. I.e. all file objects below both
addresses get compared whether they have counterparts below the other address
and whether both counterparts match. If there is a mismatch then the necessary
update manipulation is done.
.br
Note that the comparison result may depend on option -follow. Its setting
should always be the same as with the first adding of disk_path as iso_rr_path.
.br
If iso_rr_path does not exist yet, then it gets added. If disk_path does not
exist, then iso_rr_path gets deleted.
.TP
\fB\-update_l\fR disk_prefix iso_rr_prefix disk_path [***]
Perform -update_r with each of the disk_path arguments. iso_rr_path will be
composed from disk_path by replacing disk_prefix by iso_rr_prefix.
.TP
\fB\-cut_out\fR disk_path byte_offset byte_count iso_rr_path
Map a byte interval of a regular disk file into a regular file in the ISO
image.
This may be necessary if the disk file is larger than a single media, or if
it exceeds the traditional limit of 2 GiB - 1 for old operating systems,
or the limit of 4 GiB - 1 for newer ones. Only the newest Linux kernels
seem to read properly files >= 4 GiB - 1.
.br
A clumsy remedy for this limit is to backup file pieces and to concatenate
them at restore time. A well tested chopping size is 2047m.
It is permissible to request a higher byte_count than available. The
resulting file will be truncated to the correct size of a final piece.
To request a byte_offset higher than available yields no file in
the ISO image but a SORRY event.
E.g:
.br
 -cut_out /my/disk/file 0 2047m \\
.br
 /file/part_1_of_3_at_0_with_2047m_of_5753194821 \\
.br
 -cut_out /my/disk/file 2047m 2047m \\
.br
 /file/part_2_of_3_at_2047m_with_2047m_of_5753194821 \\
.br
 -cut_out /my/disk/file 4094m 2047m \\
.br
 /file/part_3_of_3_at_4094m_with_2047m_of_5753194821
.br
While option -split_size is set larger than 0, and if all pieces of a file
reside in the same ISO directory with no other files, and if the names look
like above, then their ISO directory will be recognized and handled like a
regular file. This affects options -compare*, -update*, and overwrite
situations.
See option -split_size for details.
.TP
\fB\-cpr\fR disk_path [***] iso_rr_path
Insert the given files or directory trees from filesystem 
into the ISO image.
.br
The rules for generating the ISO addresses are similar as with
shell command cp -r. Nevertheless, directories of the iso_rr_path
are created if necessary. Especially a not yet existing iso_rr_path
will be handled as directory if multiple disk_paths are present.
The leafnames of the multiple disk_paths will be grafted under that
directory as would be done with an existing directory.
.br
If a single disk_path is present then a non-existing iso_rr_path will
get the same type as the disk_path.
.br
If a disk_path does not begin with '/' then -cdx is prepended.
If the iso_rr_path does not begin with '/' then -cd is prepended. 
.TP
\fB\-mkdir\fR iso_rr_path [...]
Create empty directories if they do not exist yet.
Existence as directory generates a WARNING event, existence as
other file causes a FAILURE event.
.TP
\fB\-clone\fR iso_rr_path_original iso_rr_path_copy
Create a copy of the ISO file object iso_rr_path_original with the new
address iso_rr_path_copy. If the original is a directory then copy all
files and directories underneath. An eventual boot catalog file gets
not copied but is silently ignored.
.br
The copied ISO file objects have the same attributes. Copied data files
refer to the same content source as their originals.
The copies may then be manipulated independendly of their originals.
.br
This command will refuse execution if the address iso_rr_path_copy
already exists in the ISO tree.
.TP
\fB\-cp_clone\fR iso_rr_path_original [***] iso_rr_path_dest
Create copies of one or more ISO file objects as with command -clone.
Eventually merge directories with existing ones, but do not overwrite
existing ISO file objects.
.br
The rules for generating the copy addresses are the same as with
command -cpr (see above) resp. shell command cp -r. Other than with -cpr,
relative iso_rr_path_original will get prepended the -cd path and not
the -cdx path. Consider to -mkdir iso_rr_path_dest before -cp_clone
so the copy address does not depend on the number of iso_rr_path_original
arguments.
.TP
.B Settings for file insertion:
.TP
\fB\-file_size_limit\fR value [value [...]] --
Set the maximum permissible size for a single data file. The values get
summed up for the actual limit. If the only value is "off" then the file
size is not limited by xorriso. Default is a limit of 100 extents, 4g -2k each:
.br
 -file_size_limit 400g -200k --
.br
When mounting ISO 9660 filesystems, old operating systems can handle only files
up to 2g -1 --. Newer ones are good up to 4g -1 --.
You need quite a new Linux kernel to read correctly the final bytes
of a file >= 4g if its size is not aligned to 2048 byte blocks.
.br
xorriso's own data read capabilities are not affected by eventual
operating system size limits. They apply to mounting only. Nevertheless,
the target filesystem of an -extract must be able to take the file size.
.TP
\fB\-not_mgt\fR code[:code[...]]
Control the behavior of the exclusion lists.
.br
Exclusion processing happens before disk_paths get mapped to the ISO image
and before disk files get compared with image files.
The absolute disk path of the source is matched against the -not_paths list.
The leafname of the disk path is matched against the patterns in the -not_leaf
list. If a match is detected then the disk path will not be regarded as an
existing file and not be added to the ISO image.
.br
Several codes are defined.
The _on/_off settings persist until they are revoked by their_off/_on
counterparts.
.br
"erase" empties the lists which were accumulated by -not_paths and -not_leaf.
.br
"reset" is like "erase" but also re-installs default behavior.
.br
"off" disables exclusion processing temporarily without invalidating
the lists and settings.
.br
"on" re-enables exclusion processing.
.br
"param_off" applies exclusion processing only to paths below disk_path
parameter of commands. I.e. explicitly given disk_paths are exempted
from exclusion processing.
.br
"param_on" applies exclusion processing to command parameters as well as
to files below such parameters.
.br
"subtree_off" with "param_on" excludes parameter paths only if they
match a -not_paths item exactly.
.br
"subtree_on" additionally excludes parameter paths which lead to a file
address below any -not_paths item.
.br
"ignore_off" treats excluded disk files as if they were missing. I.e. they
get reported with -compare and deleted from the image with -update.
.br
"ignore_on" keeps excluded files out of -compare or -update activities.
.TP
\fB\-not_paths\fR disk_path [***]
Add the given paths to the list of excluded absolute disk paths. If a given
path is relative, then the current -cdx is prepended to form an absolute path.
Eventual pattern matching happens at definition time and not when exclusion
checks are made.
.br
(Do not forget to end the list of disk_paths by "--")
.TP
\fB\-not_leaf\fR pattern
Add a single shell parser style pattern to the list of exclusions for
disk leafnames. These patterns are evaluated when the exclusion checks are
made.
.TP
\fB\-not_list\fR disk_path
Read lines from disk_path and use each of them either as -not_paths argument,
if they contain a / character, or as -not_leaf pattern.
.TP
\fB\-quoted_not_list\fR disk_path
Like -not_list but with quoted input reading rules. Each word is
handled as one argument for -not_paths resp. -not_leaf.
.TP
\fB\-follow\fR occasion[:occasion[...]]
Enable or disable resolution of symbolic links and mountpoints under
disk_paths. This applies to actions -add, -du*x, -ls*x, -findx,
and to -disk_pattern expansion.
.br
There are two kinds of follow decisison to be made:
.br
"link" is the hop from a symbolic link to its target file object.
If enabled then symbolic links are handled as their target file objects,
else symbolic links are handled as themselves. 
.br
"mount" is the hop from one filesystem to another subordinate filesystem.
If enabled then mountpoint directories are handled as any other directory,
else mountpoints are handled as empty directories if they are encountered in
directory tree traversals.
.br
Less general than above occasions:
.br
"pattern" is mount and link hopping, but only during -disk_pattern expansion.
.br
"param" is link hopping for parameter words (after eventual pattern expansion).
If enabled then -ls*x will show the link targets rather than the links
themselves. -du*x, -findx, and -add will process the link targets but not
follow links in an eventual directory tree below the targets (unless "link"
is enabled). 
.br
Occasions can be combined in a colon separated list. All occasions
mentioned in the list will then lead to a positive follow decision. 
.br
"off" prevents any positive follow decision. Use it if no other occasion
applies.
.br
Shortcuts:
.br
"default" is equivalent to "pattern:mount:limit=100".
.br
"on" always decides positive. Equivalent to "link:mount".
.br

Not an occasion but an optional setting is:
.br
"limit="<number> which sets the maximum number of link hops.
A link hop consists of a sequence of symbolic links and a final target
of different type. Nevertheless those hops can loop. Example:
.br
  $ ln -s .. uploop
.br
Link hopping has a built-in loop detection which stops hopping at the first
repetition of a link target. Then the repeated link is handled as itself
and not as its target.
Regrettably one can construct link networks which
cause exponential workload before their loops get detected.
The number given with "limit=" can curb this workload at the risk of truncating
an intentional sequence of link hops.
.TP
\fB\-pathspecs\fR "on"|"off"
Control parameter interpretation with xorriso actions -add and -path_list.
.br
"on" enables pathspecs of the form
\fBtarget=source\fR
like with program mkisofs -graft-points.
It also disables -disk_pattern expansion for command -add.
.br
"off" disables pathspecs of the form target=source
and eventually enables -disk_pattern expansion.
.TP                
\fB\-overwrite\fR "on"|"nondir"|"off"
Allow or disallow to overwrite existing files in the
ISO image by files with the same name.
.br
With setting "off", name collisions cause FAILURE events.
With setting "nondir", only directories are protected by such events, other
existing file types get treated with -rm before the new file gets added.
Setting "on" allows automatic -rm_r. I.e. a non-directory can replace an
existing directory and all its subordinates.
.br
If restoring of files is enabled, then the overwrite rule applies to the
target file objects on disk as well, but "on" is downgraded to "nondir".
.TP
\fB\-split_size\fR number["k"|"m"]
Set the threshold for automatic splitting of regular files. Such splitting
maps a large disk file onto a ISO directory with several part files in it.
This is necessary if the size of the disk file exceeds -file_size_limit.
Older operating systems can handle files in mounted ISO 9660 filesystems
only if they are smaller than 2 GiB resp. 4 GiB.
.br
Default is 0 which will exclude files larger than -file_size_limit by a
FAILURE event.
A well tested -split_size is 2047m. Sizes above -file_size_limit are not
permissible.
.br
While option -split_size is set larger than 0 such a directory with split
file pieces will be recognized and handled like a regular file by options
-compare* , -update*, and in overwrite situations. There are -ossirox
options "concat_split_on" and "concat_split_off" which control the handling
when files get restored to disk.
.br
In order to be recognizable, the names of the part files have to
describe the splitting by 5 numbers:
.br
 part_number,total_parts,byte_offset,byte_count,disk_file_size
.br
which are embedded in the following text form:
.br
 part_#_of_#_at_#_with_#_of_#
.br
Scaling characters like "m" or "k" are taken into respect.
All digits are interpreted as decimal, even if leading zeros are present.
.br
E.g: /file/part_1_of_3_at_0_with_2047m_of_5753194821
.br
No other files are allowed in the directory. All parts have to be present and
their numbers have to be plausible. E.g. byte_count must be valid as -cut_out
argument and their contents may not overlap.
.TP
.B File manipulations:
.PP
The following commands manipulate files in the ISO image, regardless whether
they stem from the loaded image or were newly inserted.
.PP
.TP
\fB\-iso_rr_pattern\fR "on"|"ls"|"off"
Set the pattern expansion mode for the iso_rr_path arguments of several
commands which support this feature.
.br
Setting "off" disables pattern expansion for all commands which are marked
in this man page by "iso_rr_path [***]" or "iso_rr_pattern [***]".
.br
Setting "on" enables it for all those commands.
.br
Setting "ls" enables it only for those which are marked by
"iso_rr_pattern [***]".
.br
Default is "on".
.TP
\fB\-rm\fR iso_rr_path [***]
Delete the given files from the ISO image.
.br
Note: This does not free any space on the -indev media, even if
the deletion is committed to that same media.
.br
The image size will shrink if the image is written to a different
media in modification mode.
.TP
\fB\-rm_r\fR iso_rr_path [***]
Delete the given files or directory trees from the ISO image.
See also the note with option -rm.
.TP
\fB\-rmdir\fR iso_rr_path [***]
Delete empty directories.
.TP
\fB\-mv\fR iso_rr_path [***] iso_rr_path
Rename the given file objects in the ISO tree to the last
argument in the list. Use the same rules as with shell command mv.
.br
If pattern expansion is enabled and if the last argument contains wildcard
characters then it must match exactly one existing file address, or else the
command fails with a FAILURE event.
.TP
\fB\-chown\fR uid iso_rr_path [***]
Set ownership of file objects in the ISO image. uid may either be a decimal
number or the name of a user known to the operating system.
.TP
\fB\-chown_r\fR uid iso_rr_path [***]
Like -chown but affecting all files below eventual directories.
.TP
\fB\-chgrp\fR gid iso_rr_path [***]
Set group attribute of file objects in the ISO image. gid  may either be a
decimal number or the name of a group known to the operating system.
.TP
\fB\-chgrp_r\fR gid iso_rr_path [***]
Like -chgrp but affecting all files below eventual directories.
.TP
\fB\-chmod\fR mode iso_rr_path [***]
Equivalent to shell command chmod in the ISO image.
mode is either an octal number beginning with "0" or a comma separated
list of statements of the form [ugoa]*[+-=][rwxst]* .
.br
Like: go-rwx,u+rwx .
.br
\fBPersonalities\fR:
u=user, g=group, o=others, a=all
.br
\fBOperators\fR:
+ adds given permissions, - revokes given permissions,
= revokes all old permissions and then adds the given ones.
.br
\fBPermissions\fR:
r=read, w=write, x=execute|inspect, s=setuid|setgid, t=sticky bit
.br
For octal numbers see man 2 stat.
.TP
\fB\-chmod_r\fR mode iso_rr_path [***]
Like -chmod but affecting all files below eventual directories.
.TP
\fB\-setfacl\fR acl_text iso_rr_path [***]
Attach the given ACL to the given iso_rr_paths after deleting their eventually
existing ACLs.
If acl_text is empty, or contains the text "clear" or the text
"--remove-all",
then the existing ACLs will be removed and no new ones will be
attached. Any other content of acl_text will be interpreted as a list of
ACL entries. It may be in the long multi-line format as put out by -getfacl
but may also be abbreviated as follows:
.br
ACL entries are separated by comma or newline. If an entry is empty text or
begins with "#" then it will be ignored. A valid entry has to begin
by a letter out of {ugom} for "user", "group", "other", "mask". It has to
contain two colons ":". A non-empty text between those ":" gives a user id
resp. group id. After the second ":" there may be letters out of {rwx- #}.
The first three give read, write resp.  execute permission.
Letters "-", " " and TAB are ignored. "#" causes the rest of the entry to
be ignored. Letter "X" or any other letters are not supported. Examples:
.br
  g:toolies:rw,u:lisa:rw,u:1001:rw,u::wr,g::r,o::r,m::rw
.br
  group:toolies:rw-,user::rw-,group::r--,other::r--,mask::rw-
.br
A valid entry may be prefixed by "d", some following characters and ":".
This indicates that the entry goes to the "default" ACL rather than to the
"access" ACL. Example:
.br
  u::rwx,g::rx,o::,d:u::rwx,d:g::rx,d:o::,d:u:lisa:rwx,d:m::rwx
.TP
\fB\-setfacl_r\fR acl_text iso_rr_path [***]
Like -setfacl but affecting all files below eventual directories.
.TP
\fB\-setfacl_list\fR disk_path
Read the output of -getfacl_r or shell command getfacl -R and apply it to the
iso_rr_paths as given in lines beginning with "# file:". This will change
ownership, group and ACL of the given files.
If disk_path is "-" then lines are read from standard input. Line "@" ends the
list, "@@@" aborts without changing the pending iso_rr_path.
.br
Since -getfacl and getfacl -R strip leading "/" from file paths, the setting of
-cd does always matter.
.TP
\fB\-setfattr\fR [-]name value iso_rr_path [***]
Attach the given xattr pair of name and value to the given iso_rr_paths.
If the given name is prefixed by "-", then the pair with that name gets
removed from the xattr list. If name is "--remove-all"
then all user namespace
xattr of the given iso_rr_paths get deleted. In case of deletion, value must
be an empty text.
.br
Only names from the user namespace are allowed. I.e. a name has to begin with
"user.", like "user.x" or "user.whatever".
.br
Values and names undergo the normal input processing of xorriso.
See also option -backslash_codes. Other than with option -setfattr_list,
the byte value 0 cannot be expressed via -setfattr.
.TP
\fB\-setfattr_r\fR [-]name value iso_rr_path [***]
Like -setfattr but affecting all files below eventual directories.
.TP
\fB\-setfattr_list\fR disk_path
Read the output of -getfattr_r or shell command getfattr -Rd and apply it to
the iso_rr_paths as given in lines beginning with "# file:". All previously
existing user space xattr of the given iso_rr_paths will be deleted.
If disk_path is "-" then lines are read from standard input.
.br
Since -getfattr and getfattr -Rd strip leading "/" from file paths, the setting
of -cd does always matter.
.br
Empty input lines and lines which begin by "#" will be ignored
(except "# file:"). Line "@" ends the list, "@@@" aborts without changing
the pending iso_rr_path. Other input lines must have the form
.br
  name="value"
.br
Name must be from user namespace. I.e. user.xyz where xyz should consist of
printable characters only. The separator "=" is not allowed in names.
Value may contain any kind of bytes. It must be in quotes. Trailing
whitespace after the end quote will be ignored. Non-printables bytes and quotes
must be represented as \\XYZ by their octal ASCII code XYZ.
Use code \\000 for 0-bytes.
.TP
\fB\-alter_date\fR type timestring iso_rr_path [***]
Alter the date entries of a file in the ISO image. type is
one of "a", "m", "b" for access time, modification time,
both times.
.br
timestring may be in the following formats
(see also section EXAMPLES):
.br
As expected by program date:
 MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
.br
As produced by program date:
.br
 [Day] MMM DD hh:mm:ss [TZON] YYYY
.br
Relative times counted from current clock time:
.br
 +|-Number["s"|"h"|"d"|"w"|"m"|"y"]
.br
where "s" means seconds, "h" hours, "d" days, "w" weeks, "m"=30d,
"y"=365.25d plus 1d added to multiplication result.
.br
Absolute seconds counted from Jan 1 1970:
.br
 =Number
.br
xorriso's own timestamps:
.br
 YYYY.MM.DD[.hh[mm[ss]]]
.br
scdbackup timestamps:
.br
 YYMMDD[.hhmm[ss]]
.br
where "A0" is year 2000, "B0" is 2010, etc.
.TP
\fB\-alter_date_r\fR type timestring iso_rr_path [***]
Like -alter_date but affecting all files below eventual directories.
.TP
\fB\-hide\fR hide_state iso_rr_path [***]
Prevent the names of the given files from showing up in the directory trees
of ISO 9660 and/or Joliet when the image gets written.
The eventual data content of such hidden files will be included in the
resulting image, even if they do not show up in any directory.
But you will need own means to find nameless data in the image.
.br
Warning: Data which are hidden from the ISO 9660 tree will not be copied
by the write method of modifying.
.br
Possible values of hide_state are: "iso_rr" for hiding from ISO 9660 tree,
"joliet" for Joliet tree, "on" for both trees. "off" means visibility in
both directory trees.
.br
This command does not apply to the boot catalog.
Rather use: -boot_image "any" "cat_hidden=on"
.TP
.B Tree traversal command -find:
.PP
.TP
\fB\-find\fR iso_rr_path [test [op] [test ...]] [-exec action [params]] --
A restricted substitute for shell command find in the ISO image.
It performs an action on matching file objects at or below iso_rr_path.
.br
If not used as last command in the line then the argument list
needs to get terminated by "--".
.br
Tests are optional. If they are omitted then action is applied to all file
objects. If tests are given then they form together an expression.
The action is applied only if the expression matches the file object. Default
expression operator between tests is -and, i.e. the expression matches only
if all its tests match.
.br
Available tests are:
.br
\fB\-name\fR pattern :
Matches if pattern matches the file leaf name.
.br
\fB\-wholename\fR pattern :
Matches if pattern matches the file path as it would be printed by action
"echo". Character '/' is not special but can be matched by wildcards.
.br
\fB\-disk_name\fR pattern :
Like -name but testing the leaf name of the file source on disk.
Can be true only for data files which stem not from the loaded image.
.br
\fB\-type\fR type_letter :
Matches files of the given type:
"block", "char", "dir", "pipe", "file", "link", "socket", "eltorito",
"Xotic" which eventually matches what is not matched by the other types.
.br
Only the first letter is interpreted.  E.g.: -find / -type d
.br
\fB\-damaged\fR :
Matches files which use data blocks marked as damaged by a previous
run of -check_media. The damage info vanishes when a new ISO image gets
loaded.
.br
Note that a MD5 session mismatch marks all files of the session as damaged.
If finer distinction is desired, perform -md5 off before -check_media.
.br
\fB\-pending_data\fR :
Matches files which get their content from outside the loaded ISO image.
.br
\fB\-lba_range\fR start_lba block_count :
Matches files which use data blocks within the range of start_lba
and start_lba+block_count-1.
.br
\fB\-has_acl\fR :
Matches files which have a non-trivial ACL.
.br
\fB\-has_xattr\fR :
Matches files which have xattr name-value pairs from user namespace.
.br
\fB\-has_aaip\fR :
Matches files which have ACL or any xattr.
.br
\fB\-has_any_xattr\fR :
Matches files which have any xattr other than ACL.
.br
\fB\-has_md5\fR :
Matches data files which have MD5 checksums.
.br
\fB\-has_filter\fR :
Matches files which are filtered by -set_filter.
.br
\fB\-hidden\fR hide_state :
Matches files which are hidden in "iso_rr" tree, in "joliet" tree,
in both trees ("on"), or not hidden in any tree ("off").
Those which are hidden in some tree match -not -hidden "off".
.br
\fB\-prune\fR :
If this test is reached and the tested file is a directory then -find will not
dive into that directory. This test itself does always match. 
.br
\fB\-decision\fR "yes"|"no" :
If this test is reached then the evaluation ends immediately and action
is performed if the decision is "yes" or "true". See operator -if.
.br
\fB\-true\fR and \fB\-false\fR :
Always match resp. match not. Evaluation goes on.
.br
\fB\-sort_lba\fR :
Always match. This causes -find to perform its action in a sequence sorted by
the ISO image block addresses of the files. It may improve throughput with
actions which read data from optical drives. Action will always get the
absolute path as parameter.
.br
Available operators are:
.br
\fB\-not\fR :
Matches if the next test or sub expression does not match.
Several tests do this specifically:
.br
-undamaged, -lba_range with negative start_lba, -has_no_acl, -has_no_xattr,
-has_no_aaip, -has_no_filter .
.br
\fB\-and\fR :
Matches if both neighboring tests or expressions match.
.br
\fB\-or\fR :
Matches if at least one of both neighboring tests or expressions matches.
.br
\fB\-sub\fR ... \fB\-subend\fR or \fB(\fR ... \fB)\fR :
Enclose a sub expression which gets evaluated first before it
is processed by neighboring operators.
Normal precedence is: -not, -or , -and.
.br
\fB\-if\fR ... \fB\-then\fR\ ... \fB\-elseif\fR ... \fB\-then\fR ...
\fB\-else\fR ... \fB\-endif\fR :
Enclose one or more sub expressions. If the -if expression matches, then
the -then expression is evaluated as the result of the whole expression
up to -endif. Else the next -elseif expression is evaluated and eventually
its -then expression. Finally in case of no match, the -else expression
is evaluated.
There may be more than one -elseif. Neither -else nor -elseif are mandatory.
If -else is missing and would be hit, then the result is a non-match.
.br
-if-expressions are the main use case for above test -decision.

Default action is \fBecho\fR,
i.e. to print the address of the found file. Other actions are certain
xorriso commands which get performed on the found files. These commands
may have specific parameters. See also their particular descriptions.
.br
\fBchown\fR and \fBchown_r\fR
change the ownership and get the user id
as parameter. E.g.: -exec chown thomas --
.br
\fBchgrp\fR and \fBchgrp_r\fR
change the group attribute and get the group id
as parameter. E.g.: -exec chgrp_r staff --
.br
\fBchmod\fR and \fBchmod_r\fR
change access permissions and get a mode string
as parameter.  E.g.: -exec chmod a-w,a+r --
.br
\fBalter_date\fR and \fBalter_date_r\fR
change the timestamps. They get a type
character and a timestring as parameters.
.br
E.g.: -exec alter_date "m" "Dec 30 19:34:12 2007" --
.br
\fBlsdl\fR
prints file information like shell command ls -dl.
.br
\fBcompare\fR
performs command -compare with the found file address as
iso_rr_path and the corresponding file address below its argument
disk_path_start. For this the iso_rr_path of the -find command gets
replaced by the disk_path_start.
.br
E.g.: -find /thomas -exec compare /home/thomas --
.br
\fBupdate\fR
performs command -update with the found file address as
iso_rr_path. The corresponding file address is determined like with above
action "compare".
.br
\fBupdate_merge\fR
is like update but does not delete the found file if it is missing on disk.
It may be run several times and records with all visited files whether their
counterpart on disk has already been seen by one of the update_merge runs.
Finally, a -find run with action "rm_merge" may remove all files that
saw no counterpart on disk.
.br
Up to the next "rm_merge" or "clear_merge" all newly inserted files will
get marked as having a disk counterpart.
.br
\fBrm\fR
removes the found iso_rr_path from the image if it is not a directory
with files in it. I.e. this "rm" includes "rmdir".
.br
\fBrm_r\fR
removes the found iso_rr_path from the image, including whole
directory trees.
.br
\fBrm_merge\fR
removes the found iso_rr_path if it was visited by one or more previous actions
"update_merge" and saw no counterpart on disk in any of them. The marking from
the update actions is removed in any case.
.br
\fBclear_merge\fR
removes an eventual marking from action "update_merge".
.br
\fBreport_damage\fR
classifies files whether they hit a data block that is
marked as damaged. The result is printed together with the eventual address
of the first damaged byte, the maximum span of damages, file size, and the
path of the file. 
.br
\fBreport_lba\fR
prints files which are associated to image data blocks.
It tells the logical block address, the block number, the byte size,
and the path of each file. There may be reported more than one
line per file if the file is very large. In this case each line has a
different extent number in column "xt".
.br
\fBgetfacl\fR
prints access permissions in ACL text form to the result channel.
.br
\fBsetfacl\fR
attaches ACLs after removing eventually exiting ones. The new
ACL is given in text form as defined with option -setfacl.
.br
E.g.: -exec setfacl u:lisa:rw,u::rw,g::r,o::-,m::rw --
.br
\fBgetfattr\fR
prints eventual xattr name-value pairs from user namespace
to the result channel.
.br
\fBget_any_xattr\fR
prints eventual xattr name-value pairs from any namespace
except ACL to the result channel. This is mostly for debugging of
namespace "isofs".
.br
\fBget_md5\fR
prints eventual recorded MD5 sum together with file path.
.br
\fBcheck_md5\fR
compares eventual recorded MD5 sum with the file content
and reports if mismatch.
.br
E.g.: -find / -not -pending_data -exec check_md5 FAILURE --
.br
\fBmake_md5\fR
equips a data file with an MD5 sum of its content. Useful to
upgrade the files in the loaded image to full MD5 coverage by the next
commit with -md5 "on".
.br
E.g.: -find / -type f -not -has_md5 -exec make_md5 --
.br
\fBsetfattr\fR
sets or deletes xattr name value pairs.
.br
E.g.: -find / -has_xattr -exec setfattr --remove-all '' --
.br
\fBset_filter\fR
applies or removes filters.
.br
E.g.: -exec set_filter --zisofs --
.br
\fBmkisofs_r\fR
applies the rules of mkisofs -r to the file object:
.br
user id and group id become 0, all r-permissions get granted, all w denied.
If there is any x-permission, then all three x get granted.
s- and t-bits get removed.
.br
\fBsort_weight\fR
attributes a LBA weight number to regular files.
.br
The number may range from -2147483648 to 2147483647. The higher it is, the
lower will be the block address of the file data in the emerging ISO image.
Currently the boot catalog has a hardcoded weight of 1 billion.
Normally it should occupy the block with the lowest possible address.
Data files get added or loaded with initial weight 0.
.br
E.g.: -exec sort_weight 3 --
.br
\fBshow_stream\fR
shows the content stream chain of a data file.
.br
\fBhide\fR
brings the file into one of the hide states "on", "iso_rr", "joliet", "off".
.br
E.g.:
.br
  -find / -disk_name *_secret -exec hide on
.br
\fBestimate_size\fR
prints a lower and an upper estimation of the number of blocks which the
found files together will occupy in the emerging ISO image.
This does not account for the superblock,
for the directories in the -find path, or for image padding.
.br
\fBfind\fR
performs another run of -find on the matching file address.
It accepts the same params as -find, except iso_rr_path.
.br
E.g.:
.br
  -find / -name '???' -type d -exec find -name '[abc]*' -exec chmod a-w,a+r --
.TP
.B Filters for data file content:
.PP
\fBFilters\fR may be installed between data files in the ISO image and their
content source outside the image. They may also be used vice versa between
data content in the image and target files on disk.
.br
Built-in filters are "--zisofs" and
"--zisofs-decode". The former is to be
applied via -set_filter, the latter is automatically applied if zisofs
compressed content is detected with a file when loading the ISO image.
.br
Another built-in filter pair is "--gzip"
and "--gunzip" with suffix ".gz".
They behave about like external gzip and gunzip but avoid forking a process
for each single file. So they are much faster if there are many small files.
.PP
.TP
\fB\-external_filter\fR name option[:option] program_path [arguments] --
Register a content filter by associating a name with a program path,
program arguments, and some behavioral options. Once registered it can be
applied to multiple data files in the ISO image, regardless whether their
content resides in the loaded ISO image or in the local filesystem.
External filter processes may produce synthetic file content by reading the
original content from stdin and writing to stdout whatever they want.
They must deliver the same output on the same input in repeated runs.
.br
Options are:
.br
 "default" means that no other option is intended.
.br
 "suffix=..." sets a file name suffix. If it is not empty then it will be
appended to the file name or removed from it.
.br
 "remove_suffix" will remove an eventual file name suffix
rather than appending it.
.br
 "if_nonempty" will leave 0-sized files unfiltered.
.br
 "if_reduction" will try filtering and revoke it if the content size does not
shrink.
.br
 "if_block_reduction" will revoke if the number of 2 kB blocks does not shrink.
.br
 "used=..." is ignored. Command -status shows it with the number of
files which currently have the filter applied.
.br
Examples:
.br
 -external_filter bzip2 suffix=.bz2:if_block_reduction \\
.br
                  /usr/bin/bzip2 --
.br
 -external_filter bunzip2 suffix=.bz2:remove_suffix \\
.br
                  /usr/bin/bunzip2 --
.TP
\fB\-unregister_filter\fR name
Remove an -external_filter registration. This is only possible if the filter
is not applied to any file in the ISO image.
.TP
\fB\-close_filter_list\fR
Irrevocably ban commands -external_filter and -unregister_filter,
but not -set_filter. Use this to prevent external filtering in general or
when all intended filters are registered.
External filters may also be banned totally at compile time of xorriso.
By default they are banned if xorriso runs under setuid permission.
.TP
\fB\-set_filter\fR name iso_rr_path [***]
Apply an -external_filter or a built-in filter to the given data files in the
ISO image.
If the filter suffix is not empty , then it will be applied to the file name.
Renaming only happens if the filter really gets attached and is not revoked by
its options.
By default files which already bear the suffix will not get filtered. The
others will get the suffix appended to their names.
If the filter has option "remove_suffix", then the filter will only be
applied if the suffix is present and can be removed.
Name oversize or collision caused by suffix change will prevent filtering.
.br
With most filter types this command will immediately run the filter once for
each file in order to determine the output size.
Content reading operations like -extract , -compare and image generation will
perform further filter runs and deliver filtered content.
.br
At image generation time the filter output must still be the same as the
output from the first run. Filtering for image generation does not happen
with files from the loaded ISO image if the write method of growing is in
effect (i.e -indev and -outdev are identical).
.br
The reserved filter name "--remove-all-filters" revokes
filtering. This will revoke eventual suffix renamings as well.
Use "--remove-all-filters+" to
prevent any suffix renaming.
.TP
\fB\-set_filter_r\fR name iso_rr_path [***]
Like -set_filter but affecting all data files below eventual directories.
.TP
.B Writing the result, drive control:
.PP
(see also paragraph about settings below)
.TP
\fB\-rollback\fR
Discard the manipulated ISO image and reload it from -indev.
(Use -rollback_end if immediate program end is desired.)
.TP
\fB\-commit\fR
Perform the write operation. Afterwards eventually make the
-outdev the new -dev and load the image from there.
Switch to growing mode.
(A subsequent -outdev will activate modification mode or blind growing.)
-commit is performed automatically at end of program if there
are uncommitted manipulations pending.
.br
So, to perform a final write operation with no new -dev
and no new loading of image, rather execute option -end.
If you want to go on without image loading, execute -commit_eject "none".
To eject after write without image loading, use -commit_eject "all".
.br
To suppress a final write, execute -rollback_end.
.br

Writing can last quite a while. It is not unnormal with several
types of media that there is no progress visible for the first
few minutes or that the drive gnaws on the media for a few
minutes after all data have been transmitted.
xorriso and the drives are in a client-server relationship.
The drives have much freedom about what to do with the media.
Some combinations of drives and media simply do not work,
despite the promises by their vendors.
If writing fails then try other media or another drive. The reason
for such failure is hardly ever in the code of the various
burn programs but you may well try some of those listed below
under SEE ALSO.
.TP
\fB\-eject\fR "in"|"out"|"all"
Eject the media in -indev, resp. -outdev, resp. both drives.
Note: It is not possible yet to effectively eject disk files.
.TP
\fB\-commit_eject\fR "in"|"out"|"all"|"none"
Combined -commit and -eject. When writing has finished do not make
-outdev the new -dev, and load no ISO image. Rather eject
-indev and/or -outdev. Eventually give up any non-ejected drive.
.TP
\fB\-blank\fR mode
Make media ready for writing from scratch (if not -dummy is activated).
.br
This affects only the -outdev not the -indev.
If both drives are the same and if the ISO image was altered
then this command leads to a FAILURE event.
Defined modes are:
  as_needed, fast, all, deformat, deformat_quickest
.br
"as_needed" cares for used CD-RW, DVD-RW and for used overwriteable media
by applying -blank "fast". It applies -format "full" to  yet unformatted
DVD-RAM and BD-RE. Other media in blank state are gracefully ignored.
Media which cannot be made ready for writing from scratch cause a FAILURE
event.
.br
"fast" makes CD-RW and unformatted DVD-RW re-usable, or invalidates
overwriteable ISO images. "all" might work more thoroughly and need more time.
.br
"deformat" converts overwriteable DVD-RW into unformatted ones.
.br
"deformat_quickest" is a faster way to deformat or blank DVD-RW
but produces media which are only suitable for a single session.
xorriso will write onto them only if option -close is set to "on".
.br
The progress reports issued by some drives while blanking are
quite unrealistic. Do not conclude success or failure from the
reported percentages. Blanking was successful if no SORRY event or
worse occured.
.TP
\fB\-format\fR mode
Convert unformatted DVD-RW into overwriteable ones, "de-ice" DVD+RW, format
newly purchased BD-RE or BD-R, re-format DVD-RAM or BD-RE.
.br
Defined modes are:
.br
  as_needed, full, fast, by_index_<num>, fast_by_index_<num> 
.br
"as_needed" formats yet unformatted DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE, or blank
unformatted BD-R. Other media are left untouched.
.br
"full" (re-)formats DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE, or blank unformatted BD-R.
.br
"fast" does the same as "full" but tries to be quicker.
.br
"by_index_" selects a format out of the descriptor list issued by option
-list_formats. The index number from that list is to be appended to the
mode word. E.g: "by_index_3".
.br
"fast_by_index_" does the same as "by_index_" but tries to be quicker.
.br
"by_size_" selects a format out of the descriptor list which provides at
least the given size. That size is to be appended to the mode word.
E.g: "by_size_4100m". This applies to media with Defect Management.
.br
"fast_by_size_" does the same as "by_size_" but tries to be quicker.
.br
The formatting action has no effect on media if -dummy is activated.
.br
Formatting is normally needed only once during the lifetime of a media,
if ever. But it is a reason for re-formatting if:
.br
 DVD-RW was deformatted by -blank,
.br
 DVD+RW has read failures (re-format before next write),
.br
 DVD-RAM or BD-RE shall change their amount of defect reserve.
.br
BD-R may be written unformatted or may be formatted before first use.
Formatting activates Defect Management which tries to catch and repair
bad spots on media during the write process at the expense of half speed
even with flawless media.
.br
The progress reports issued by some drives while formatting are
quite unrealistic. Do not conclude success or failure from the
reported percentages. Formatting was successful if no SORRY event
or worse occured. Be patient with apparently frozen progress.
.TP
\fB\-list_formats\fR
Put out a list of format descriptors as reported by the output drive for
the current media. The list gives the index number after "Format idx",
a MMC format code, the announced size in blocks (like "2236704s")
and the same size in MiB. 
.br
MMC format codes are manifold. Most important are:
"00h" general formatting, "01h" increases reserve space for DVD-RAM,
"26h" for DVD+RW, "30h" for BD-RE with reserve space,
"31h" for BD-RE without reserve space, "32h" for BD-R.
.br
Smaller format size with DVD-RAM, BD-RE, or BD-R means more reserve space.
.TP
\fB\-list_profiles\fR "in"|"out"|"all"
Put out a list of media types supported by -indev, resp. -outdev, resp. both.
The currently recognized type is marked by text "(current)".
.TP
.B Settings for result writing:
.PP
Rock Ridge info will be generated by the program unconditionally.
ACLs will be written according to the setting of option -acl.
.TP
\fB\-joliet\fR "on"|"off"
If enabled by "on", generate Joliet tree additional to ISO 9660 + Rock Ridge
tree.
.TP
\fB\-compliance\fR rule[:rule...]
Adjust the compliance to specifications of ISO 9660 and its contemporary
extensions. In some
cases it is worth to deviate a bit in order to circumvent bugs of the intended
reader system or to get unofficial extra features.
.br
There are several adjustable rules which have a keyword each. If they
are mentioned with this option then their rule gets added to the relaxation
list. This list can be erased by rules "strict" or "clear". It can be reset
to its start setting by "default". All of the following relaxation rules
can be revoked individually by appending "_off". Like "deep_paths_off".
.br
Rule keywords are:
.br
"iso_9660_level="number chooses level 1 with ISO names of the form 8.3
and -file_size_limit <= 4g - 1, or level 2 with ISO names up to
length 32 and the same -file_size_limit, or level 3 with ISO names up to
length 32 and -file_size_limit >= 400g -200k. If necessary -file_size_limit
gets adjusted.
.br
"allow_dir_id_ext" allows ISO names of directories to have a name extension
as with other file types. It does not force dots and it omits the version
number, though. This is a bad tradition of mkisofs which violates ECMA-119.
Especially ISO level 1 only allows 8 characters in a directory name and
not 8.3.
.br
"omit_version" does not add versions (";1") to ISO and Joliet file names.
.br
"only_iso_version" does not add versions (";1") to Joliet file names.
.br
"deep_paths" allows ISO file paths deeper than 8 levels.
.br
"long_paths" allows ISO file paths longer than 255 characters.
.br
"long_names" allows up to 37 characters with ISO file names.
.br
"no_force_dots" does not add a dot to ISO file names which have none.
.br
"no_j_force_dots" does not add a dot to Joliet file names which have none.
.br
"lowercase" allows lowercase characters in ISO file names.
.br
"full_ascii" allows all ASCII characters in ISO file names.
.br
"untranslated_names" might be dangerous for inadverted reader programs
which rely on the restriction to at most 37 characters in ISO file names.
This option allows ISO file names up to 96 characters with no character
conversion. If a file name has more characters, then image production will
fail deliberately.
.br
"untranslated_name_len="number enables untranslated_names with a smaller limit
for the length of file names. 0 disables this feature, -1 chooses maximum
length limit, numbers larger than 0 give the desired length limit.
.br
"joliet_long_paths" allows Joliet paths longer than 240 characters.
.br
"always_gmt" stores timestamps in GMT representation with timezone 0.
.br
"rec_mtime" records with ISO files the disk file's mtime and not the
creation time of the image.
.br
"new_rr" uses Rock Ridge version 1.12 (suitable for GNU/Linux but not for older
FreeBSD or for Solaris). This implies "aaip_susp_1_10_off" which may be changed
by subsequent "aaip_susp_1_10".
.br
Default is "old_rr" which uses Rock Ridge version 1.10. This implies also 
"aaip_susp_1_10" which may be changed by subsequent "aaip_susp_1_10_off".
.br
"aaip_susp_1_10" allows AAIP to be written as unofficial extension of RRIP
rather than as official extension under SUSP-1.12.
.br
"no_emul_toc" saves 64 kB with the first session on overwriteable media
but makes the image incapable of displaying its session history.
.br
"iso_9660_1999" causes the production of an additional directory tree
compliant to ISO 9660:1999. It can record long filenames for readers which
do not understand Rock Ridge.
.br
"old_empty" uses the old way of of giving block addresses in the range
of [0,31] to files with no own data content. The new way is to have
a dedicated block to which all such files will point.
.br
Default setting is
.br
 "clear:only_iso_version:deep_paths:long_paths:no_j_force_dots:
.br
 always_gmt:old_rr".
.br
Note: The term "ISO file" means the plain ISO 9660 names and attributes
which get visible if the reader ignores Rock Ridge.
.TP
\fB\-volid\fR text
Specify the volume ID. xorriso accepts any text up to 32 characters,
but according to rarely obeyed specs stricter rules apply:
.br
ECMA 119 demands ASCII characters out of [A-Z0-9_]. Like: "IMAGE_23"
.br
Joliet allows 16 UCS-2 characters. Like: "Windows name"
.br
Be aware that the volume id might get used automatically as name of the
mount point when the media is inserted into a playful computer system.
.br
If an ISO image gets loaded while the volume ID is set to default "ISOIMAGE"
or to "", then the volume ID of the loaded image will become the effective
volume id for the next write run. But as soon as command -volid is performed
afterwards, this pending id is overridden by the new setting.
.br
Consider this when setting -volid "ISOIMAGE" before executing -dev, -indev,
or -rollback.
If you insist in -volid "ISOIMAGE", set it again after those commands.
.TP
\fB\-volset_id\fR text
Set the volume set id string to be written with the next -commit.
Permissible are up to 128 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.TP
\fB\-publisher\fR text
Set the publisher id string to be written with the next -commit. This may
identify the person or organisation who specified what shall be recorded.
Permissible are up to 128 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.TP
\fB\-application_id\fR text
Set the application id string to be written with the next -commit. This may
identify the specification of how the data are recorded.
Permissible are up to 128 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.br
The special text "@xorriso@" gets converted to the id string of xorriso
which is normally written as -preparer_id. It is a wrong tradition to write
the program id as -application_id.
.TP
\fB\-system_id\fR text
Set the system id string to be written with the next -commit. This may
identify the system which can recognize and act upon the content of the
System Area in image blocks 0 to 15.
Permissible are up to 32 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.TP
\fB\-volume_date\fR type timestring
Set one of the four overall timestamps for subsequent image writing.
Available types are:
.br
"c"  time when the volume was created.
.br
"m"  time when volume was last modified.
.br
"x"  time when the information in the volume expires.
.br
"f"  time since when the volume is effectively valid.
.br
"uuid"  sets a timestring that overrides "c" and "m" times literally.
It must consist of 16 decimal digits which form YYYYMMDDhhmmsscc, with
YYYY between 1970 and 2999. Time zone is GMT.
It is supposed to match this GRUB line:
.br
 search --fs-uuid --set YYYY-MM-DD-hh-mm-ss-cc
.br
E.g. 2010040711405800 is 7 Apr 2010 11:40:58 (+0 centiseconds).
.br
Timestrings for the other types may be given as with option -alter_date.
They are prone to timezone computations. The timestrings "default" or
"overridden" cause default settings: "c" and "m" will show the current time
of image creation. "x" and "f" will be marked as insignificant.
"uuid" will be deactivated.
.TP
\fB\-copyright_file\fR text
Set the copyright file name to be written with the next -commit. This should
be the ISO 9660 path of a file in the image which contains a copyright
statement.
Permissible are up to 37 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.TP
\fB\-abstract_file\fR text
Set the abstract file name to be written with the next -commit. This should
be the ISO 9660 path of a file in the image which contains an abstract
statement about the image content.
Permissible are up to 37 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.TP
\fB\-biblio_file\fR text
Set the biblio file name to be written with the next -commit. This should
be the ISO 9660 path of a file in the image which contains bibliographic
records.
Permissible are up to 37 characters. This setting gets overridden by
image loading.
.TP
\fB\-preparer_id\fR
Set the preparer id string to be written with the next -commit. This may
identify the person or other entity which controls the preparation of the data
which shall be recorded. Normally this should be the id of xorriso and not
of the person or program which operates xorriso. Please avoid to change it.
Permissible are up to 128 characters.
.br
The special text "@xorriso@" gets converted to the id string of xorriso
which is default at program startup.
.br
Unlike other id strings, this setting is not influenced by image loading.
.TP
\fB\-out_charset\fR character_set_name
Set the character set to which file names get converted when writing an
image. See paragraph "Character sets" for more explanations.
When loading the written image after -commit the setting of -out_charset
will be copied to -in_charset.
.TP
\fB\-uid\fR uid
User id to be used for all files when the new ISO tree gets written to media.
.TP
\fB\-gid\fR gid
Group id to be used for all files when the new ISO tree gets written to media.
.TP
\fB\-zisofs\fR option[:options]
Set global parameters for zisofs compression. This data format is recognized
and transparently uncompressed by some Linux kernels. It is to be applied
via option -set_filter with built-in filter "--zisofs".
Parameters are:
.br
 "level="[0-9] zlib compression: 0=none, 1=fast,..., 9=slow
.br
 "block_size="32k|64k|128k size of compression blocks
.br
 "by_magic=on" enables an expensive test at image generation time which checks
files from disk whether they already are zisofs compressed, e.g. by program
mkzftree.
.br
 "default" same as "level=6:block_size=32k:by_magic=off"
.TP
\fB\-speed\fR number[k|m|c|d|b]
Set the burn speed. Default is 0 = maximum speed.
Speed can be given in media dependent numbers or as a
desired throughput per second in MMC compliant kB (= 1000)
or MB (= 1000 kB). Media x-speed factor can be set explicity
by "c" for CD, "d" for DVD, "b" for BD, "x" is optional.
.br
Example speeds:
.br
 706k = 706kB/s = 4c = 4xCD
.br
 5540k = 5540kB/s = 4d = 4xDVD
.br
If there is no hint about the speed unit attached, then the
media in the -outdev will decide. Default unit is CD = 176.4k.
.br
MMC drives usually activate their own idea of speed and take
the speed value given by the burn program only as upper limit
for their own decision.
.TP
\fB\-stream_recording\fR "on"|"off"|"full"|"data"|number
Setting "on" tries to circumvent the management of defects on DVD-RAM, BD-RE,
or BD-R. Defect management keeps partly damaged media usable. But it reduces
write speed to half nominal speed even if the media is in perfect shape.
For the case of flawless media, one may use -stream_recording "on" to get
full speed. 
.br
"full" tries full speed with all write operations, whereas "on" does this
only above byte address 32s. One may give a number of at least 16s
in order to set an own address limit.
.br
"data" causes full speed to start when superblock and directory entries are
written and writing of file content blocks begins.
.TP
\fB\-dvd_obs\fR "default"|"32k"|"64k"
GNU/Linux specific:
Set the number of bytes to be transmitted with each write operation to DVD
or BD media. A number of 64 KB may improve throughput with bus systems which
show latency problems. The default depends on media type, on option
-stream_recording , and on compile time options.
.TP
\fB\-stdio_sync\fR "on"|"off"|number
Set the number of bytes after which to force output to stdio: pseudo drives.
This forcing keeps the memory from being clogged with lots of
pending data for slow devices. Default "on" is the same as "16m".
Forced output can be disabled by "off".
.TP
\fB\-dummy\fR "on"|"off"
If "on" then simulate burning or refuse with FAILURE event if
no simulation is possible, do neither blank nor format.
.TP
\fB\-fs\fR number["k"|"m"]
Set the size of the fifo buffer which smoothens the data
stream from ISO image generation to media burning. Default
is 4 MiB, minimum 64 kiB, maximum 1 GiB.
The number may be followed by letter "k" or "m"
which means unit is kiB (= 1024) or MiB (= 1024 kiB).
.TP
\fB\-close\fR "on"|"off"
If "on" then mark the written media as not appendable
any more (if possible at all with the given type of target media).
.br
This is the contrary of cdrecord, wodim, cdrskin option -multi,
and is one aspect of growisofs option -dvd-compat.
.TP
\fB\-padding\fR number["k"|"m"]|"included"|"appended"
Append the given number of extra bytes to the image stream.
This is a traditional remedy for a traditional bug in block
device read drivers. Needed only for CD recordings in TAO mode.
Since one can hardly predict on what media an image might end up,
xorriso adds the traditional 300k of padding by default to all images.
.br
For images which will never get to a CD it is safe to use -padding 0 .
.br
Normally padding is not written as part of the ISO image but appended
after the image end. This is -padding mode "appended".
.br
Emulation command -as "mkisofs" and command -jigdo cause padding to be
written as part of the image.
The same effect is achieved by -padding mode "included".
.TP
.B Bootable ISO images:
.PP
Contrary to published specifications many BIOSes will load an El Torito
record from the first session on media and not from the last one, which
gets mounted by default. This makes no problems with overwriteable media,
because they appear to inadverted readers as one single session.
.br
But with multi-session media CD-R[W], DVD-R[W], DVD+R, it implies that the
whole bootable system has to reside already in the first session and that
the last session still has to bear all files which the booted system expects
after eventually mounting the ISO image.
.br
If a boot image from ISOLINUX or GRUB is known to be present on media then
it is advised to patch it
when a follow-up session gets written. But one should not rely on the
capability to influence the bootability of the existing sessions, unless one
can assume overwriteable media.
.br
There are booting mechanisms which do not use an El Torito record but rather
start at the first bytes of the image: PC-BIOS MBR for hard-disk-like devices,
MIPS Volume Header for old SGI computers, DEC Boot Block for old DECstation,
SUN Disk Label for SPARC machines.
.br
The boot firmware EFI may use programs which are located in a FAT filesystem
and announced by an MBR partition table entry.
.br
.TP
\fB\-boot_image\fR "any"|"isolinux"|"grub"
.br
     "discard"|"keep"|"patch"|"show_status"|bootspec|"next"
.br
Define the handling of an eventual set of El Torito boot images which
has been read from an existing ISO image or define how to make a prepared
boot image file set bootable. Such file sets get produced by ISOLINUX or GRUB.
.br
Each -boot_image command has two arguments: type and setting. More than one
-boot_image command may be used to define the handling of one or more boot
images. Sequence matters.
.br
Types \fBisolinux\fR and \fBgrub\fR care for known peculiarities.
Type \fBany\fR makes
no assumptions about the origin of the boot images.
.br

El Torito boot images of any type can be newly inserted, or discarded,
or patched, or kept unaltered.
Whether to patch or to keep depends on whether
the boot images contain boot info tables.
.br
A boot info table needs to be patched when the boot image gets newly
introduced into the ISO image or if an existing image gets relocated.
This is automatically done if type "isolinux" or "grub"
is given, but not with "any".
.br
If patching is enabled, then boot images from previous sessions will
be checked whether they seem to bear a boot info table. If not,
then they stay unpatched. This check is not infallible. So if
you do know that the images need no patching, use "any" "keep".
"grub" "patch" will not patch EFI images (platform_id=0xef).
.br
Most safe is the default: -boot_image "any" "discard".
.br
Advised for GRUB :  -boot_image "grub" "patch"
.br
For ISOLINUX :  -boot_image "isolinux" "patch"
.br
\fBshow_status\fR will print what is known about the loaded boot images
and their designated fate.
.br

A \fBbootspec\fR is a word of the form name=value and is used to describe
the parameters of a boot image by an El Torito record and eventually a MBR.
The names "dir", "bin_path", "efi_path" lead to El Torito bootable images.
Name "system_area" activates a given file as MBR.
.br
On all media types this is possible within the first session. In further
sessions an existing boot image can get replaced by a new one, but depending
on the media type this may have few effect at boot time. See above.
.br
The boot image and its supporting files have to be added to the ISO image by
normal means (image loading, -map, -add, ...). In case of ISOLINUX the files
should reside either in ISO image directory /isolinux or in /boot/isolinux .
In that case it suffices to use as bootspec the text "dir=/isolinux" or
"dir=/boot/isolinux". E.g.:
.br
 -boot_image isolinux dir=/boot/isolinux
.br
which bundles these individual settings:
.br
 -boot_image isolinux bin_path=/boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin
.br
 -boot_image isolinux cat_path=/boot/isolinux/boot.cat
.br
 -boot_image isolinux load_size=2048
.br
 -boot_image any boot_info_table=on
.br
An El Torito boot catalog file gets inserted into the ISO image with address
\fBcat_path=\fR at -commit time.
It is subject to normal -overwrite and -reassure processing if there is already
a file with the same name.
The catalog lists the boot images and is read by the boot facility to choose
one of the boot images. But it is not necessary that it appears in the
directory tree at all. One may hide it in all trees by \fBcat_hidden=on\fR.
Other possible values are "iso_rr", "joliet", and the default "off".
.br
\fBbin_path=\fR depicts a boot image file, a binary program which is to be
started by the hardware boot facility (e.g. the BIOS) at boot time.
.br
\fBefi_path=\fR depicts a boot image file that is ready for EFI booting.
Its load_size is determined automatically, no boot info table gets
written, no boot media gets emulated, platform_id is 0xef.
.br
\fBemul_type=\fR can be one of "no_emulation", "hard_disk", "diskette".
It controls the boot media emulation code of a boot image.
The default "no_emulation" is suitable for ISOLINUX, GRUB, FreeBSD cdboot.
.br
\fBload_size=\fR is a value which depends on the boot image.
Default 2048 should be overridden only if a better value is known.
.br
\fBboot_info_table=on\fR may be used to apply patching to a boot image which
is given by "any" "bin_path=". "boot_info_table=off" disables patching.
.br
\fBplatform_id=\fR defines by two hex digits the Platform ID of the
boot image. "00" is 80x86 PC-BIOS, "01" is PowerPC, "02" is Mac, "ef" is EFI.
.br
\fBid_string=\fRtext|56_hexdigits defines the ID string of the boot catalog
section where the boot image will be listed. If the value consists of 56
characters [0-9A-Fa-f] then it is converted into 28 bytes, else the first
28 characters become the ID string.
The ID string of the first boot image becomes the overall catalog ID.
It is limited to 24 characters. Other id_strings become section IDs.
.br
\fBsel_crit=\fRhexdigits defines the Selection Criteria of the boot image.
Up to 20 bytes get read from the given characters [0-9A-Fa-f].
They get attributed to the boot image entry in the catalog.
.br
\fBnext\fR ends the definition of a boot image and starts a new one.
Any following -bootimage bootspecs will affect the new image.
The first "next" discards eventually loaded boot images and their
catalog.
.br
\fBdiscard\fR gives up an existing boot catalog and its boot images.
.br
\fBkeep\fR keeps or copies boot images unaltered and writes a new catalog.
.br
\fBpatch\fR applies patching to existing boot images
if they seem to bear a boot info table.
.br
\fBsystem_area=\fRdisk_path copies at most 32768 bytes from the given
disk file to the very start of the ISO image.
This System Area is reserved for system dependent boot software, e.g. an MBR
which can be used to boot from USB stick or hard disk.
.br
Other than a El Torito boot image, the file disk_path needs not to be added
to the ISO image.
.br
-boot_image isolinux system_area= implies "partition_table=on".
.br
\fBpartition_table=on\fR causes a simple partition table to be written
into bytes 446 to 511 of the System Area.
.br
With type "isolinux" it shows a partition that begins at byte 0 and it causes
the LBA of the first boot image to be written into the MBR. For the first
session this works only if also "system_area=" and "bin_path=" or "dir="
is given.
.br
With types "any" and "grub" it shows a single
partiton which starts at byte 512 and ends where the ISO image ends.
This works with or without system_area= or boot image.
.br
In follow-up sessions the existing System Area is preserved by default.
If types "isolinux" or "grub" are set to "patch", then "partition_table=on"
is activated without new boot image.
In this case the existing System Area gets checked whether it bears addresses
and sizes as if it had been processed by "partition_table=on". If so,
then those parameters get updated when the new System Area is written.
.br
Special "system_area=/dev/zero" causes 32k of NUL-bytes.
Use this to discard an MBR which eventually was loaded with the ISO image.
.br
\fBpartition_offset=\fR2kb_block_adr causes a partition table with a single
partition that begins at the given block address. This is counted in 2048 byte
blocks, not in 512 byte blocks. If the block address is non-zero then it must
be at least 16. A non-zero partition offset causes two superblocks to be
generated and two sets of directory trees. The image is then mountable from its
absolute start as well as from the partition start.
.br
The offset value of an ISO image gets preserved when a new session is added.
So the value defined here is only in effect if a new ISO image gets written.
.br
\fBpartition_hd_cyl=\fRnumber gives the number of heads per cylinder for
the partition table. 0 chooses a default value. Maximum is 255.
.br
\fBpartition_sec_hd=\fRnumber gives the number of sectors per head for
the partition table. 0 chooses a default value. Maximum is 63.
.br
The product partition_sec_hd * partition_hd_cyl * 512 is the cylinder size.
It should be divisible by 2048 in order to allow exact alignment.
If it is too small to describe the image size by at most 1024 cylinders,
then appropriate values of partition_hd_cyl are chosen with
partition_sec_hd 32 or 63. If the image is larger than 8,422,686,720 bytes,
then the cylinder size constraints cannot be fulfilled.
.br
\fBpartition_cyl_align=\fRmode controls image size alignment to an integer
number of cylinders. It is prescribed by isohybrid specs and it seems to
please program fdisk. Cylinder size must be divisible by 2048.
Images larger than 8,323,596,288 bytes cannot be aligned.
.br
Mode "auto" is default. Alignment by padding happens only with 
"isolinux" "partition_table=on".
.br
Mode "on" causes alignment by padding with "partition_table=on" for any type.
Mode "off" disables alignment for any type.
.br
\fBmips_path=\fRiso_rr_path declares a data file in the image to be a
MIPS Big Endian boot file and causes production of a MIPS Big Endian Volume
Header. This is mutually exclusive with production of other boot blocks
like MBR.
It will overwrite the first 512 bytes of any data eventually provided by
system_area=.
Up to 15 boot files can be declared by mips_path=.
.br
\fBmipsel_path=\fRiso_rr_path declares a data file in the image to be the
MIPS Little Endian boot file. This is mutually exclusive with other boot
blocks.
It will overwrite the first 512 bytes of any data eventually
provided by system_area=.
Only a single boot file can be declared by mipsel_path=.
.br
\fBsparc_label=\fRtext causes the production of a SUN Disk Label with the
given text as ASCII label. This boot block format allows to append images
for partitions 2 to 8. Partition 1 will always be the ISO image.
See option -append_partition.
The first 512 bytes of any data eventually provided
by system_area= will be overwritten.
.br
\fBmips_discard\fR and \fBsparc_discard\fR revoke any boot file
declarations made by mips_path= or mipsel_path=. They also disable production
of SUN Disk Label.
This removes the ban on production of other boot blocks.
.br
.br
.TP
\fB\-append_partition\fR partition_number type_code disk_path
Cause a prepared filesystem image to be appended to the ISO image and to be
described by a partition table entry in a boot block at the start of the
emerging ISO image. The partition entry will bear the size of the submitted
file rounded up to the next multiple of 2048 bytes.
.br
Beware of subsequent multi-session runs. The appended partition will get
overwritten.
.br
Partitions may be appended with boot block type MBR and with SUN Disk Label.
.br
With MBR:
.br
partition_number may be 1 to 4. Number 1 will put the whole ISO image into
the unclaimed space before partition 1. So together with most xorriso MBR
features, number 2 would be the most natural choice.
.br
The type_code may be "FAT12", "FAT16", "Linux",
or a hexadecimal number between 0x00 and 0xff. Not all those numbers will
yield usable results. For a list of codes search the Internet for
"Partition Types" or run fdisk command "L".
.br
The disk_path must provide the necessary data bytes at commit time.
An empty disk_path disables this feature for the given partition number.
.br
With SUN Disk Label (selected by -boot_image any sparc_label=):
.br
partition_number may be 2 to 8. Number 1 will always be the ISO image.
Partition start addresses are aligned to 320 KiB. The type_code does not
matter. Submit 0x0.
.br
Partition image name "." causes the partition to become a copy of the next
lower valid one.
.TP
.B Jigdo Template Extraction:
.PP
From man genisoimage:
"Jigdo is a tool to help in the distribution of large files like CD and
DVD images; see http://atterer.net/jigdo/ for more details. Debian CDs
and DVD ISO images are published on the web in jigdo format to allow
end users to download them more efficiently."
.br
xorriso can produce a .jigdo and a .template file together with a
single-session ISO image.
The .jigdo file contains checksums and symbolic file addresses.
The .template file contains the compressed ISO image with reference tags
instead of the content bytes of the listed files.
.br
Input for this process are the normal arguments for a xorriso session
on a blank -outdev, and a .md5 file which lists those data files which may be
listed in the .jigdo file and externally referenced in the .template file.
Each designated file is represented in the .md5 file by a single text line:
.br
MD5 as 32 hex digits, 2 blanks, size as 12 decimal digits or blanks, 2 blanks,
symbolic file address
.br
The file address in an .md5 line has to bear the same basename as the
disk_path of the file which it shall match. The directory path of
the file address is decisive for To=From mapping, not for file recognition.
After eventual To=From mapping, the file address gets written into the .jigdo
file. Jigdo restore tools will convert these addresses into really
reachable data source addresses from which they can read.
.br
If the list of jigdo parameters is not empty, then xorriso will refuse to
write to non-blank targets, it will disable multi-session emulation, and
eventual padding will be counted as part of the ISO image.
.br
.TP
\fB\-jigdo\fR parameter_name value
Clear Jigdo Template Extraction parameter list or add a parameter to that list.
The alias names are the corresponding genisoimage options. They are accepted
as parameter names as well. Especially they are recognized by the -as mkisofs
emulation command.
.br
Parameter \fBclear\fR with any value empties the whole list.
No .jigdo and .template file will be produced.
.br
\fBtemplate_path\fR sets the disk_path for the .template file with the
holed and compressed ISO image copy.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-template
.br
\fBjigdo_path\fR sets the disk_path for the .jigdo file with the checksums
and download addresses for filling the holes in .template.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-jigdo
.br
\fBmd5_path\fR sets the disk_path where to find the .md5 input file.
.br
Alias: -md5-list
.br
\fBmin_size\fR sets the minimum size for a data file to be listed
in the .jigdo file and being a hole in the .template file.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-min-file-size
.br
\fBexclude\fR adds a regular expression pattern which will get compared
with the absolute disk_path of any data file. A match causes the file to
stay in .template in any case.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-exclude
.br
\fBdemand_md5\fR adds a regular expression pattern which will get compared
with the absolute disk_path of any data file that was not found in the .md5
list. A match causes a MISHAP event.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-force-md5
.br
\fBmapping\fR adds a string pair of the form To=From to the parameter list.
If a data file gets listed in the .jigdo file, then it is referred by the
file address from its line in the .md5 file. This file address gets checked
whether it begins with the From string. If so, then this string will be
replaced by the To string and a ':' character, before it goes into the .jigdo
file. The From string should end by a '/' character.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-map
.br
\fBcompression\fR chooses one of "bzip2" or "gzip" for the compression of
the template file. The jigdo file is put out uncompressed.
.br
Alias: -jigdo-template-compress
.br
\fBchecksum_iso\fR chooses one or more of "md5", "sha1", "sha256", "sha512"
for the auxiliary "# Image Hex" checksums in the jigdo file. The value may e.g.
look like "md5,sha1,sha512". Value "all" chooses all available algorithms.
Note that MD5 stays always enabled.
.br
Alias: -checksum_algorithm_iso
.br
\fBchecksum_template\fR is like checksum_iso but for "# Template Hex".
.br
Alias: -checksum_algorithm_template
.TP
.B Character sets:
.PP
File names are strings of non-zero bytes with 8 bit each. Unfortunately
the same byte string may appear as different peculiar national characters
on differently nationalized terminals.
The meanings of byte codes are defined in \fBcharacter sets\fR which have
names. Shell command iconv -l lists them. 
.br
Character sets should not matter as long as only english alphanumeric
characters are used for file names or as long as all writers and readers
of the media use the same character set.
Outside these constraints it may be necessary to let xorriso convert byte
codes.
.br
There is an input conversion from input character set to the local character
set which applies when an ISO image gets loaded. A conversion from local
character set to the output character set is performed when an
image tree gets written. The sets can be defined independently by options
-in_charset and -out_charset. Normally one will have both identical, if ever.
.br
If conversions are desired then xorriso needs to know the name of the
local character set. xorriso can inquire the same info as shell command
"locale" with argument "charmap". This may be influenced by environment
variables LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, or LANG and should match the expectations of
the terminal.
.br
The default output charset is the local character set of the terminal where
xorriso runs. So by default no conversion happens between local filesystem
names and emerging names in the image. The situation stays ambigous and the
reader has to riddle what character set was used.
.br
By option -auto_charset it is possible to attribute the output charset name
to the image. This makes the situation unambigous. But if your terminal
character set does not match the character set of the local file names,
then this attribute can become plainly wrong and cause problems at read time.
To prevent this it is necessary to check whether the terminal properly
displays all intended filenames. Check especially the exotic national
characters.
.br
To enforce recording of a particular character set name without any conversion
at image generation time, set -charset and -local_charset to the desired name,
and enable -backslash_codes to avoid evil character display on your terminal.
.TP
\fB\-charset\fR character_set_name
Set the character set from which to convert file names when loading an
image and to which to convert when writing an image.
.TP
\fB\-local_charset\fR character_set_name
Override the system assumption of the local character set name.
If this appears necessary, one should consider to set -backslash_codes to
"on" in order to avoid dangerous binary codes being sent to the terminal.
.TP
.B Exception processing:
.PP
Since the tasks of xorriso are manifold and prone to external influence, there
may arise the need for xorriso to report and handle problem events.
.br
Those events get classified when they are detected by one of the software
modules and forwarded to reporting and evaluation modules which decide about
reactions. Event classes are sorted by severity:
.br
"NEVER" The upper end of the severity spectrum.
.br
"ABORT" The program is being aborted and on its way to end.
.br
"FATAL" The main purpose of the run failed
or an important resource failed unexpectedly.
.br
"FAILURE" An important part of the job could not be performed.
.br
"MISHAP" A FAILURE which can be tolerated during ISO image generation.
.br
"SORRY" A less important part of the job could not be performed.
.br
"WARNING" A situation is suspicious of being not intended by the user.
.br
"HINT" A proposal to the user how to achieve better results.
.br
"NOTE" A harmless information about noteworthy circumstances.
.br
"UPDATE" A pacifier message during long running operations.
.br
"DEBUG" A message which would only interest the program developers.
.br
"ALL" The lower end of the severity spectrum.
.TP
\fB\-abort_on\fR severity
Set the severity threshold for events to abort the program.
.br
Useful: "NEVER", "ABORT", "FATAL", "FAILURE" , "MISHAP", "SORRY"
.br
It may become necessary to abort the program anyway, despite
the setting by this option. Expect not many "ABORT" events to
be ignorable.
.br
A special property of this option is that it works preemptive if given as
program start argument. I.e. the first -abort_on setting among the
start arguments is in effect already when the first operations of xorriso
begin. Only "-abort_on" with dash "-" is recognized that way.
.TP
\fB\-return_with\fR severity exit_value
Set the threshold and exit_value to be returned at program end if no abort
has happened. This is to allow xorriso to go on after problems but to get
a failure indicating exit value from the program, nevertheless.
Useful is a value lower than the -abort_on threshold, down to "WARNING".
.br
exit_value may be either 0 (indicating success to the starter of the program)
or a number between 32 and 63. Some other exit_values are used by xorriso if
it decides to abort the program run:
.br
1=abort due to external signal
.br
2=no program arguments given
.br
3=creation of xorriso main object failed
.br
4=failure to start libburnia-project.org libraries
.br
5=program abort during argument processing
.br
6=program abort during dialog processing
.TP
\fB\-report_about\fR severity
Set the threshold for events to be reported.
.br
Useful:  "SORRY", "WARNING", "HINT", "NOTE", "UPDATE", "DEBUG", "ALL"
.br
Regardless what is set by -report_about, messages get always reported if they
reach the severity threshold of -abort_on .
.br
Event messages are sent to the info channel "I" which is usually stderr
but may be influenced by command -pkt_output.
Info messages which belong to no event get attributed severity "NOTE".
.br
A special property of this option is that the first -report_about setting
among the start arguments is in effect already when the first operations
of xorriso begin. Only "-report_about" with dash "-" is recognized that way.
.TP
\fB\-error_behavior\fR occasion behavior
Control the program behavior at problem event occasions.
For now this applies to occasions "image_loading" which is given while
an image tree is read from the input device, and to "file_extraction" which
is given with osirrox options like -extract.
.br
With "image_loading" there are three behaviors available:
.br
"best_effort" goes on with reading after events with severity below FAILURE
if the threshold of option -abort_on allows this.
.br
"failure" aborts image tree reading on first event of at least SORRY.
It issues an own FAILURE event.
.br
"fatal" acts like "failure" but issues the own event as FATAL.
This is the default.
.br
With occasion "file_extraction" there are three behaviors:
.br
"keep" maintains incompletely extracted files on disk. This is the default.
.br
"delete" removes files which encountered errors during content extraction.
.br
"best_effort" starts a revovery attempt by means of -extract_cut if the
file content stems from the loaded ISO image and is not filtered.
.TP
.B Dialog mode control:
.TP
\fB\-dialog\fR "on"|"off"|"single_line"
Enable or disable to enter dialog mode after all arguments are processed.
In dialog mode input lines get prompted via readline or from stdin.
.br
If no -abort_on severity was set when dialog starts, then "NEVER" is set
to avoid abort in most cases of wrong input or other problems. Before dialog
begins, the default is "FAILURE" which e.g. aborts on unknown commands.
.br
Mode "on" supports input of newline characters within quotation marks and
line continuation by trailing backslash outside quotation marks.
Mode "single_line" does not.
.TP
\fB\-page\fR length width
Describe terminal to the text pager. See also above, paragraph Result pager.
.br
If parameter length is nonzero then the user gets prompted after that
number of terminal lines. Zero length disables paging.
.br
Parameter width is the number of characters per terminal line. It is used
to compute the number of terminal lines which get occupied by an output line.
A usual terminal width is 80.
.TP
\fB\-use_readline\fR "on"|"off"
If "on" then use readline for dialog. Else use plain stdin.
.br
See also above, paragraph Dialog, Readline, Result pager.
.TP
\fB\-reassure\fR "on"|"tree"|"off"
If "on" then ask the user for "y" or "n":
.br
before deleting or overwriting any file in the ISO image,
.br
before overwriting any disk file during restore operations,
.br
before rolling back pending image changes,
.br
before committing image changes to media,
.br
before changing the input drive,
.br
before blanking or formatting media,
.br
before ending the program.
.br
With setting "tree" the reassuring prompt will appear for an eventual
directory only once and not for each file in its whole subtree.
.br
Setting "off" silently kills any kind of image file object resp. performs
above irrevocable actions.
.br
To really produce user prompts, option -dialog needs to be set to "on".
Note that the prompt does not appear in situations where file removal
is forbidden by option -overwrite. -reassure only imposes an additional
curb for removing existing file objects.
.br
Be aware that file objects get deleted from the ISO image immediately
after confirmation. They are gone even if the running command gets aborted 
and its desired effect gets revoked. In case of severe mess-up, consider to
use -rollback to revoke the whole session.
.TP
.B Drive and media related inquiry actions:
.TP
\fB\-devices\fR
Show list of available MMC drives with the addresses of
their libburn standard device files.
.br
This is only possible when no ISO image changes are pending.
After this option was executed, there is no drive current
and no image loaded. Eventually one has to aquire a drive again.
.br
In order to be visible, a device has to offer rw-permissions
with its libburn standard device file. Thus it might be only the
\fBsuperuser\fR
who is able to see all drives.
.br
Drives which are occupied by other processes get not shown.
.TP
\fB\-toc\fR
.br
Show media specific table of content. This is the media session history,
not the ISO image directory tree.
.br
In case of overwriteable media holding a valid ISO image, it may happen that
only a single session gets shown. But if the first session on the
overwriteable media was written by xorriso then a complete
session history can be emulated.
.br
A drive which is incapable of writing may show any media as CD-ROM or DVD-ROM
with only one or two sessions on it. The last of these sessions is supposed
to be the most recent real session then.
.br
Some read-only drives and media show no usable session history at all.
Eventually option -rom_toc_scan might help.
.TP
\fB\-mount_cmd\fR drive entity id path
Emit an appropriate command line for mounting the ISO session
indicated by drive, entity and id.
The result will be different on GNU/Linux and on FreeBSD.
.br
drive can be "indev" or "outdev" to indicate already acquired drives,
or it can be the path of a not yet acquired drive.
Prefix "stdio:" for non-MMC drives is not mandatory.
.br
entity must be either "sbsector" with the superblock sector address as id,
or "track" with a track number as id, or "session" with a session number,
or "volid" with a search pattern for the volume id, or "auto" with any text
as id. 
.br
path will be used as mount point and must already exist as a directory on disk.
.br
The command gets printed to the result channel. See option -mount
for direct execution of this command.
.TP
\fB\-mount_opts\fR option[:option...]
Set options which influence -mount and -mount_cmd. Currently there is only
option "exclusive" which is default and its counterpart "shared". The latter
causes xorriso not to give up the affected drive with command -mount.
On GNU/Linux it adds mount option "loop" which may allow to mount several
sessions of the same block device at the same time. One should not write
to a mounted optical media, of course. Take care to umount all sessions
before ejecting.
.TP
\fB\-session_string\fR drive entity id format
Print to the result channel a text which gets composed according to
format and the parameters of the addressed session.
.br
Formats "linux:"path or "freebsd:"path produce the output of -mount_cmd
for the given operating systems.
.br
In other texts xorriso will substitute the following parameter names.
An optional prefix "string:" will be removed. 
.br
"%device%" will be substituted by the mountable device path of the drive
address.
.br
"%sbsector%" will be substituted by the session start sector.
.br
"%track%", "%session%", "%volid%" will be substituted by track number,
session number, resp. volume id of the depicted session.
.TP
\fB\-print_size\fR
Print the foreseeable consumption of 2048 byte blocks
by next -commit. This can last a while as a -commit gets
prepared and only in last moment is revoked by this option.
The result depends on several settings and also on the kind of output device.
If no -jidgo options are given and not command -as "mkisofs" was used,
then -padding (300 kB by default) is not counted as part of the image size.
.TP
\fB\-tell_media_space\fR
Print available space on output media and the free space after
subtracting already foreseeable consumption by next -commit.
.TP
\fB\-pvd_info\fR 
Print various id strings which can be found in loaded ISO images. Some of
them may be changed by options like -volid or -publisher. For these
ids -pvd_info reports what would be written with the next -commit.
.TP
.B Navigation in ISO image and disk filesystem:
.TP
\fB\-cd\fR iso_rr_path
Change the current working directory in the ISO image.
This is prepended to iso_rr_paths which do not begin with '/'.
.br
It is possible to set the working directory to a path which does not exist
yet in the ISO image. The necessary parent directories will be created when
the first file object is inserted into that virtual directory.
Use -mkdir if you want to enforce the existence of the directory already at
first insertion.
.TP
\fB\-cdx\fR disk_path
Change the current working directory in the local filesystem.
To be prepended to disk_paths which do not begin with '/'.
.TP
\fB\-pwd\fR
.br
Tell the current working directory in the ISO image.
.TP
\fB\-pwdx\fR
.br
Tell the current working directory in the local filesystem.
.TP
\fB\-ls\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
List files in the ISO image which match shell patterns
(i.e. with wildcards '*' '?' '[a-z]').
If a pattern does not begin with '/' then it is compared with addresses
relative to -cd.
.br
Directories are listed by their content rather than as single file item.
.br
Pattern expansion may be disabled by command -iso_rr_pattern.
.TP
\fB\-lsd\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Like -ls but listing directories as themselves and not by their content.
This resembles shell command ls -d.
.TP
\fB\-lsl\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Like -ls but also list some of the file attributes. 
The output format resembles shell command ls -ln.
.br
If the file has non-trivial ACL, then a '+' is appended to the permission info.
If the file is hidden, then 'I' for "iso_rr", 'J' for "joliet", resp. 'H' for
"on" gets appended. Together with ACL it is 'i', 'j', resp. 'h'.
.TP
\fB\-lsdl\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Like -lsd but also list some of the file attributes. 
The output format resembles shell command ls -dln.
.TP
\fB\-lsx\fR disk_pattern [***]
List files in the local filesystem which match shell patterns. Patterns which
do not begin with '/' are used relative to -cdx.
.br
Directories are listed by their content rather than as single file item.
.br
Pattern expansion may be disabled by command -disk_pattern.
.TP
\fB\-lsdx\fR disk_pattern [***]
Like -lsx but listing directories as themselves and not by their content.
This resembles shell command ls -d.
.TP
\fB\-lslx\fR disk_pattern [***]
Like -lsx but also listing some of the file attributes.
Output format resembles shell command ls -ln.
.TP
\fB\-lsdlx\fR disk_pattern [***]
Like -lsdx but also listing some of the file attributes.
Output format resembles shell command ls -dln.
.TP
\fB\-getfacl\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Print the access permissions of the given files in the ISO image using the
format of shell command getfacl. If a file has no ACL then it gets fabricated
from the -chmod settings. A file may have a real ACL if it was introduced into
the ISO image while option -acl was set to "on".
.TP
\fB\-getfacl_r\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Like -gefacl but listing recursively the whole file trees underneath eventual
directories.
.TP
\fB\-getfattr\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Print the xattr of the given files in the ISO image.
If a file has no such xattr then noting is printed for it.
.TP
\fB\-getfattr_r\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Like -gefattr but listing recursively the whole file trees underneath eventual
directories.
.TP
\fB\-du\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
Recursively list size of directories and files in the ISO image
which match one of the patterns.
similar to shell command du -k.
.TP
\fB\-dus\fR iso_rr_pattern [***]
List size of directories and files in the ISO image 
which match one of the patterns.
Similar to shell command du -sk.
.TP
\fB\-dux\fR disk_pattern [***]
Recursively list size of directories and files in the local filesystem
which match one of the patterns. Similar to shell command du -k.
.TP
\fB\-dusx\fR disk_pattern [***]
List size of directories and files in the local filesystem
which match one of the patterns.
Similar to shell command du -sk.
.TP
\fB\-findx\fR disk_path [-name pattern] [-type t] [-exec action [params]] --
Like -find but operating on local filesystem and not on the ISO image.
This is subject to the settings of -follow.
.br
-findx accepts the same -type arguments as -find. Additionally it recognizes
type "mountpoint" (or "m") which matches subdirectories which reside on a
different device than their parent. It never matches the disk_path
given as start address for -findx.
.br
-findx accepts the -exec actions as does -find. But except the following few
actions it will always perform action "echo".
.br
\fBin_iso\fR
reports the path if its counterpart exists in the ISO image.
For this the disk_path of the -findx command gets replaced
by the iso_rr_path given as parameter.
.br
E.g.: -findx /home/thomas -exec in_iso /thomas_on_cd --
.br
\fBnot_in_iso\fR
reports the path if its counterpart does
not exist in the ISO image. The report format is the same as with command
-compare.
.br
\fBadd_missing\fR iso_rr_path_start
adds the counterpart if it does not yet
exist in the ISO image and marks it for "rm_merge" as non-removable. 
.br
E.g.: -findx /home/thomas -exec add_missing /thomas_on_cd --
.br
\fBis_full_in_iso\fR
reports if the counterpart in the ISO image
contains files. To be used with -type "m" to report mount points.
.br
\fBempty_iso_dir\fR
deletes all files from the counterpart
in the ISO image. To be used with -type "m" to truncate mount points.
.br
\fBestimate_size\fR
prints a lower and an upper estimation of the number of blocks which the
found files together will occupy in the emerging ISO image.
This does not account for the superblock,
for the directories in the -findx path, or for image padding.
.TP
\fB\-compare\fR disk_path iso_rr_path
Compare attributes and eventual data file content of a fileobject in the
local filesystem with a file object in the ISO image. The iso_rr_path may
well point to an image file object which is not yet committed, i.e. of which
the data content still resides in the local filesystem. Such data content is
prone to externally caused changes.
.br
If iso_rr_path is empty then disk_path is used as path in the ISO image too.
.br
Differing attributes are reported in detail, differing content is summarized.
Both to the result channel. In case of no differences no result lines are
emitted.
.TP
\fB\-compare_r\fR disk_path iso_rr_path
Like -compare but working recursively. I.e. all file objects below both
addresses get compared whether they have counterparts below the other address
and whether both counterparts match.
.TP
\fB\-compare_l\fR disk_prefix iso_rr_prefix disk_path [***]
Perform -compare_r with each of the disk_path arguments. iso_rr_path will be
composed from disk_path by replacing disk_prefix by iso_rr_prefix.
.TP
\fB\-show_stream\fR iso_rr_path [***]
Display the content stream chain of data files in the ISO image. The chain
consists of the iso_rr_name and one or more streams, separated by " < " marks.
A stream consists of one or more texts eventually in ''-quotation marks,
eventually separated by ":" characters. The first text describes the stream
type, the following ones describe its individual properties.
Frequently used types are:
.br
 disk:'disk_path'  for local filesystem objects.
.br
 image:'iso_rr_path'  for ISO image file objects.
.br
 cout:'disk_path offset count'  for -cut_out files.
.br
 extf:'filter_name' for external filters.
.br
Example:
.br
 '/abc/xyz.gz' < extf:'gzip' < disk:'/home/me/x'
.TP
\fB\-show_stream_r\fR iso_rr_path [***]
Like -show_stream but working recursively.
.TP
.B Evaluation of readability and recovery:
.PP
It is not uncommon that optical media produce read errors. The reasons may be
various and get obscured by error correction which is performed by the drives
and based on extra data on the media. If a drive returns data then one can
quite trust that they are valid. But at some degree of read problems the
correction will fail and the drive is supposed to indicate error.
.br
xorriso can scan the media for readable data blocks, classify them according
to their read speed, save them to a file, and keep track of successfuly saved
blocks for further tries on the same media.
.br
By option -md5 checksums may get recorded with data files and whole
sessions. These checksums are reachable only via indev and a loaded image.
They work independently of the media type and can detect transmission errors.
.TP
\fB\-check_media\fR [option [option ...]] --
Try to read data blocks from the indev drive, eventually copy them to a
disk file, and finally report about the encountered quality. Several options
may be used to modify the default behavior.
.br
The options given with this command override the default settings which
may have been changed by option -check_media_defaults. See there for a
description of options.
.br
The result list tells intervals of 2 KiB blocks with start address, number
of blocks and quality. Qualities which begin with "+" are
supposed to be valid readable data. Qualities with "-" are unreadable or
corrupted data.
"0" indicates qualities which are not covered by the check run or are regularly
allowed to be unreadable (e.g. gaps between tracks).
.br
Alternatively it is possible to report damaged files rather than blocks.
.br
If -md5 is "on" then the default mode what=tracks looks out for libisofs
checksum tags for the ISO session data and eventually checks them
against the checksums computed from the data stream.
.TP
\fB\-check_media_defaults\fR [option [option ...]] --
Preset options for runs of -check_media, -extract_cut and best_effort
file extraction. Eventual options given with -check_media will override the
preset options. -extract_cut will override some options automatically.
.br
An option consists of a keyword, a "=" character, and a value. Options
may override each other. So their sequence matters.
.br
The default setting at program start is:
.br
use=indev what=tracks min_lba=-1 max_lba=-1 retry=default
.br
time_limit=28800 item_limit=100000 data_to='' event=ALL
.br
abort_file=/var/opt/xorriso/do_abort_check_media
.br
sector_map='' map_with_volid=off patch_lba0=off report=blocks
.br
bad_limit=valid slow_limit=1.0 chunk_size=0s
.br
Option "reset=now" restores these startup defaults.
.br
Non-default options are:
.br
\fBreport="files"\fR
lists the files which use damaged blocks (not with use=outdev).
The format is like with find -exec report_damage.
Note that a MD5 session mismatch marks all files of the session as damaged.
If finer distinction is desired, perform -md5 off before -check_media.
.br
\fBreport="blocks_files"\fR
first lists damaged blocks and then affected files.
.br
\fBuse="outdev"\fR
reads from the output drive instead of the input drive. This
avoids loading the ISO image tree from media.
.br
\fBuse="sector_map"\fR
does not read any media but loads the file given by option
sector_map= and processes this virtual outcome.
.br
\fBwhat="disc"\fR
scans the payload range of a media without respecting track gaps.
.br
\fBmin_lba=limit\fR
omits all blocks with addresses lower than limit.
.br
\fBmax_lba=limit\fR
switches to what=disc and omits all blocks above limit.
.br
\fBretry="on"\fR
forces read retries with single blocks when the normal read
chunk produces a read error. By default, retries are only enabled with CD
media. "retry=off" forbits retries for all media types. 
.br
\fBabort_file=disk_path\fR
gives the path of the file which may abort a scan run. Abort
happens if the file exists and its mtime is not older than the start time
of the run. Use shell command "touch" to trigger this.
Other than an aborted program run, this will report the tested and untested
blocks and go on with running xorriso.
.br
\fBtime_limit=seconds\fR
gives the number of seconds after which the scan shall be
aborted. This is useful for unattended scanning of media which may else
overwork the drive in its effort to squeeze out some readable blocks.
Abort may be delayed by the drive gnawing on the last single read operation.
Value -1 means unlimited time.
.br
\fBitem_limit=number\fR
gives the number of report list items after which to abort.
Value -1 means unlimited item number.
.br
\fBdata_to=disk_path\fR
copies the valid blocks to the given file.
.br
\fBevent=severity\fR
sets the given severity for a problem event which shall be issued at
the end of a check run if data blocks were unreadable or failed to match
recorded MD5 checksums. Severity "ALL" disables this event.
.br
\fBsector_map=disk_path\fR
tries to read the file given by disk_path as
sector bitmap and to store such a map file after the scan run.
The bitmap tells which blocks have been read successfully in previous runs.
It allows to do several scans on the same media, eventually with intermediate
eject, in order to collect readable blocks whenever the drive is lucky enough
to produce them. The stored file contains a human readable TOC of tracks
and their start block addresses, followed by binary bitmap data.
.br
\fBmap_with_volid="on"\fR
examines tracks whether they are ISO images and eventually
prints their volume ids into the human readable TOC of sector_map=.
.br
\fBpatch_lba0="on"\fR
transfers within the data_to= file a copy of the currently
loaded session head to the start of that file and patches it to be valid
at that position.
This makes the loaded session the default session of the image file
when it gets mounted or loaded as stdio: drive. But it usually makes
the original session 1 inaccessible.
.br
\fBpatch_lba0="force"\fR
performs patch_lba0="on" even if xorriso believes
that the copied data are not valid.
.br
patch_lba0= may also bear a number. If it is 32 or higher it is taken as
start address of the session to be copied. In this case it is not necessary to
have an -indev and a loaded image. ":force" may be appended after the number.
.br
\fBbad_limit=threshold\fR
sets the highest quality which shall be considered as damage.
Choose one of "good", "md5_match", "slow", "partial", "valid", "untested",
"invalid", "tao_end", "off_track", "md5_mismatch", "unreadable".
.br
\fBslow_limit=threshold\fR
sets the time threshold for a single read chunk to be considered
slow. This may be a fractional number like 0.1 or 1.5.
.br
\fBchunk_size=size\fR
sets the number of bytes to be read in one read operation.
This gets rounded down to full blocks of 2048 bytes. 0 means automatic size.
.TP
\fB\-check_md5\fR severity iso_rr_path [***]
Compare the data content of the given files in the loaded image with their
recorded MD5 checksums, if there are any. In case of any mismatch an event of
the given severity is issued. It may then be handled by appropriate settings of
options -abort_on or -return_with which both can cause non-zero exit values
of the program run. Severity ALL suppresses that event.
.br
This option reports match and mismatch of data files to the result channel.
Non-data files cause NOTE events. There will also be UPDATE events from
data reading.
.br
If no iso_rr_path is given then the whole loaded session is compared with its
MD5 sum. Be aware that this covers only one session and not the whole image
if there are older sessions.
.TP
\fB\-check_md5_r\fR severity iso_rr_path [***]
Like -check_md5 but checking all data files underneath the given paths.
Only mismatching data files will be reported.
.TP
.B osirrox ISO-to-disk restore options:
.PP
Normally xorriso only writes to disk files which were given as stdio:
pseudo-drives or as log files.
But its alter ego osirrox is able to extract file objects
from ISO images and to create, overwrite, or delete file objects on disk.
.br
Disk file exclusions by -not_mgt, -not_leaf, -not_paths apply.
If disk file objects already exist then the settings of -overwrite and
-reassure apply. But -overwrite "on" only triggers the behavior
of -overwrite "nondir". I.e. directories cannot be deleted.
.br
Access permissions of files in the ISO image do not restrict restoring.
The directory permissions on disk have to allow rwx.
.TP
\fB\-osirrox\fR "on"|"device_files"|"off"|"banned"|[:option:...]
Setting "off" disables disk filesystem manipulations. This is the default
unless the program was started with leafname "osirrox". Elsewise
the capability to restore files can be enabled explicitly by -osirrox "on".
It can be irrevocably disabled by -osirrox "banned".
.br
To enable restoring of special files by "device_files" is potentially
dangerous.
The meaning of the number st_rdev (see man 2 stat) depends much on the
operating system. Best is to restore device files only to the same system
from where they were copied. If not enabled, device files in the ISO image
are ignored during restore operations.
.br
Due to a bug of previous versions, device files from previous sessions might
have been altered to major=0, minor=1. So this combination does not get
restored.
.br
Option "concat_split_on" is default. It enables restoring of split file
directories as data files if the directory contains a complete collection
of -cut_out part files. With option "concat_split_off" such directories are
handled like any other ISO image directory.
.br
Option "auto_chmod_off" is default. If "auto_chmod_on" is set then access
restrictions for disk directories get circumvented if those directories
are owned by the effective user who runs xorriso. This happens by temporarily
granting rwx permission to the owner.
.br
Option "sort_lba_on" may improve read performance with optical drives. It
allows to restore large numbers of hard links without exhausting
-temp_mem_limit. It does not preserve directory mtime and it needs
-osirrox option auto_chmod_on in order to extract directories which offer no
write permission. Default is "sort_lba_off".
.br
Option "o_excl_on" is the default unless the program was started with leafname
"osirrox". On GNU/Linux it tries to avoid using drives which are mounted or in
use by other libburn programs.
Option "o_excl_off" allows on GNU/Linux to access such drives. Drives which
get acquired while "o_excl_off" will refuse to get blanked, formatted, 
written, or ejected. But be aware that even harmless inquiries can spoil
ongoing burns of CD-R[W] and DVD-R[W].
.TP
\fB\-extract\fR iso_rr_path disk_path
Copy the file objects at and underneath iso_rr_path to their corresponding
addresses at and underneath disk_path.
This is the inverse of -map or -update_r.
.br
If iso_rr_path is a directory and disk_path is an existing directory then
both trees will be merged. Directory attributes get extracted only if the disk
directory is newly created by the copy operation.
Disk files get removed only if they are to be replaced
by file objects from the ISO image.
.br
As many attributes as possible are copied together with restored
file objects.
.TP
\fB\-extract_single\fR iso_rr_path disk_path
Like -extract, but if iso_rr_path is a directory then its sub tree gets not
restored.
.TP
\fB\-extract_l\fR iso_rr_prefix disk_prefix iso_rr_path [***]
Perform -extract with each of the iso_rr_path arguments. disk_path will be
composed from iso_rr_path by replacing iso_rr_prefix by disk_prefix.
.TP
\fB\-extract_cut\fR iso_rr_path byte_offset byte_count disk_path
Copy a byte interval from a data file out of an ISO image into a newly created
disk file.
The main purpose for this is to allow handling of large files if they
are not supported by mount -t iso9660 and if the reading system is unable
to buffer them as a whole.
.br
If the data bytes of iso_rr_path are stored in the loaded ISO image,
and no filter is applied,
and byte_offset is a multiple of 2048, then a special run of -check_media
is performed. It may be quicker and more rugged than the general reading
method.
.TP
\fB\-cpx\fR iso_rr_path [***] disk_path
Copy single leaf file objects from the ISO image to the address given by
disk_path. If more then one iso_rr_path is given then
disk_path must be a directory or non-existent. In the latter case it gets
created and the extracted files get installed in it with the same leafnames.
.br
Missing directory components in disk_path will get created, if possible.
.br
Directories are allowed as iso_rr_path only with -osirrox "concat_split_on"
and only if they actually represent a complete collection of -cut_out split
file parts.
.TP
\fB\-cpax\fR iso_rr_path [***] disk_path
Like -cpx but restoring mtime, atime as in ISO image and trying to set
ownership and group as in ISO image.
.TP
\fB\-cp_rx\fR iso_rr_path [***] disk_path
Like -cpx but also extracting whole directory trees from the ISO image.
.br
The resulting disk paths are determined as with shell command cp -r :
If disk_path is an existing directory then the trees will be inserted or merged
underneath this directory and will keep their leaf names. The ISO directory "/"
has no leaf name and thus gets mapped directly to disk_path.
.TP
\fB\-cp_rax\fR iso_rr_path [***] disk_path
Like -cp_rx but restoring mtime, atime as in ISO image and trying to set
ownership and group as in ISO image.
.TP
\fB\-paste_in\fR iso_rr_path disk_path byte_offset byte_count
Read the content of a ISO data file and write it into a data file on disk
beginning at the byte_offset. Write at most byte_count bytes.
This is the inverse of option -cut_out.
.TP
\fB\-mount\fR drive entity id path
Produce the same line as -mount_cmd and then execute it as external program run
after giving up the depicted drive. See also -mount_opts.
This demands -osirrox to be enabled and normally will succeed only for the
superuser. For safety reasons the mount program is only executed if it is 
reachable as /bin/mount or /sbin/mount.
.TP
.B Command compatibility emulations:
.PP
Writing of ISO 9660 on CD is traditionally done by program mkisofs
as ISO 9660 image producer and cdrecord as burn program.
xorriso does not strive for their comprehensive emulation.
Nevertheless it is ready to perform some of its core tasks under control
of commands which in said programs trigger comparable actions.
.TP
\fB\-as\fR personality option [options] --
.br
Perform the variable length option list as sparse emulation of the program
depicted by the personality word.
.br

Personality "\fBmkisofs\fR" accepts the options listed with:
.br
  -as mkisofs -help --
.br
Among them: -R (always on), -r, -J, -o, -M, -C, -dir-mode, -file-mode,
-path-list, -m, -exclude-list,
-f, -print-size, -pad, -no-pad, -V, -v, -version, -graft-points, -z,
-no-emul-boot, -b, -c, -boot-info-table, -boot-load-size, -input-charset, -G,
-output-charset, -U, -hide, -hide-joliet, -hide-list, -hide-joliet-list,
file paths and pathspecs.
A lot of options are not supported and lead to failure of the mkisofs
emulation. Some are ignored, but better do not rely on this tolerance.
.br
The supported options are documented in detail in xorrisofs.info
and in man xorrisofs. The description here is focused on the effect
of mkisofs emulation in the context of a xorriso run.
.br
Other than with the "cdrecord" personality there is no automatic -commit at
the end of a "mkisofs" option list. Verbosity settings -v (= "UPDATE") and
-quiet (= "SORRY") persist. The output file, eventually chosen with -o,
persists until things happen like -commit, -rollback, -dev, or end of xorriso.
-pacifier gets set to "mkisofs" if files are added to the image.
.br
-graft-points is equivalent to -pathspecs on. Note that pathspecs without "="
are interpreted differently than with xorriso option -add. Directories get
merged with the root directory of the ISO image, other filetypes get mapped
into that root directory.
.br
If pathspecs are given and if no output file was chosen before or during the
"mkisofs" option list, then standard output (-outdev "-") will get into effect.
If -o points to a regular file, then it will be truncated to 0 bytes
when finally writing begins. This truncation does not happen if the drive
is chosen by xorriso options before -as mkisofs or after its list delimiter.
Directories and symbolic links are no valid -o targets.
.br
Writing to stdout is possible only if -as "mkisofs" was among the start
arguments or if other start arguments pointed the output drive to
standard output.
.br
-print-size inhibits automatic image production at program end. This ban is
lifted only if the pending image changes get discarded.
.br
Eventual padding is counted as part of the ISO image if not option --emul-toc
is given.
.br
If no -iso-level is given, then level 1 is chosen when the first file or
directory is added to the image. At the same occasion directory names get
allowed to violate the standard by -compliance option allow_dir_id_ext.
This may be avoided by option -disallow_dir_id_ext.
.br
Option -root is supported. Option -old-root is implemented by xorriso
commands -mkdir, -cp_clone, -find update_merge, and -find rm_merge.
-root and -old-root set command -disk_dev_ino to "ino_only" and -md5 to "on",
by default.
-disk_dev_ino can be set to "off" by --old-root-no-ino
resp. to "on" by --old-root-devno .
-md5 can be set to "off" by --old-root-no-md5 .
.br
Not original mkisofs options are --quoted_path_list ,
--hardlinks , --acl ,
--xattr , --md5 , --stdio_sync .
They work like the xorriso options with the
same name and hardcoded argument "on", e.g. -acl "on".
Explicit arguments are expected by --stdio_sync
and --scdbackup_tag.
.br
The capability to preserve multi-session history on overwriteable media
gets disabled by default. It can be enabled by using --emul-toc
with the first session. See -compliance no_emul_toc.
.br
--sort-weight gets as arguments a number and an iso_rr_path.
The number becomes the LBA sorting weight of regular file iso_rr_path or
of all regular files underneath directory iso_rr_path.
(See -find -exec sort_weight).
.br
Adopted from grub-mkisofs are --protective-msdos-label 
(see -boot_image grub partition_table=on) and 
--modification-date=YYYYMMDDhhmmsscc
(see -volume_date uuid). For EFI bootable GRUB boot images use
--efi-boot.
It performs -boot_image grub efi_path= surrounded by two
-boot_image "any" "next". 
Alternative option -e from Fedora genisoimage sets bin_path and
platform_id for EFI, but performs no "next". 
.br
For MBR bootable ISOLINUX images there is -isohybrid-mbr FILE, where
FILE is one of the Syslinux files mbr/isohdp[fp]x*.bin . Use this
instead of -G to apply the effect of -boot_image isolinux partition_table=on.
.br
--boot-catalog-hide is -boot_image any cat_hidden=on.
.br
-mips-boot is the same as -boot_image any mips_path= .
.br
-mipsel-boot leads to mipsel_path= .
.br
-partition_offset number is
-boot_image any partition_offset=number.
.br
Option -append_partition is supported.
.br
-untranslated_name_len number is
-compliance untranslated_name_len=number.
.br
--old-empty is -compliance old_empty.
.br
The options of genisoimage Jigdo Template Extraction are recognized and
performed via xorriso option -jigdo. See the "Alias:" names there for the
meaning of the genisoimage options.
.br

Personalities "\fBxorrisofs\fR", "\fBgenisoimage\fR",
and "\fBgenisofs\fR" are aliases for "mkisofs".
.br
If xorriso is started with one of the leafnames "xorrisofs", "genisofs",
"mkisofs", or "genisoimage", then it performs -read_mkisofsrc and prepends
-as "genisofs" to the command line arguments.
I.e. all arguments will be interpreted mkisofs style until "--"
is encountered. 
From then on, options are interpreted as xorriso options.
.br
--no_rc as first argument of such a program start
prevents interpretation of startup files. See section FILES below.
.br

Personality "\fBcdrecord\fR" accepts the options listed with:
.br
  -as cdrecord -help --
.br
Among them: -v, dev=, speed=, blank=, fs=, -eject, -atip, padsize=, tsize=,
-isosize, -multi, -msinfo, --grow_overwriteable_iso,
write_start_address=,
track source file path or "-" for standard input as track source.
.br
It ignores most other options of cdrecord and cdrskin but refuses on
-audio, -scanbus, and on blanking modes unknown to xorriso.
.br
The scope is only a single data track per session to be written
to blank, overwriteable, or appendable media. The media gets closed if 
closing is applicable and not option -multi is present.
.br
An eventually acquired input drive is given up.
This is only allowed if no image changes are pending.
.br
dev= must be given as xorriso device address. Addresses like 0,0,0 or ATA:1,1,0
are not supported.
.br
If a track source is given, then an automatic -commit happens at the end of
the "cdrecord" option list.
.br
--grow_overwriteable_iso
enables emulation of multi-session on overwriteable
media.  To enable emulation of a TOC, the first session needs -C 0,32 with
-as mkisofs (but no -M) and --grow_overwriteable_iso
write_start_address=32s with -as cdrecord.
.br
A much more elaborate libburn based cdrecord emulator is the program cdrskin.
.br
Personalites "\fBxorrecord\fR", "\fBwodim\fR", and "\fBcdrskin\fR"
are aliases for "cdrecord".
.br
If xorriso is started with one of the leafnames "xorrecord", "cdrskin",
"cdrecord", or "wodim", then it automatically prepends -as "cdrskin"
to the command line arguments. I.e. all arguments will be interpreted cdrecord
style until "--" is encountered and an eventual commit happens.
From then on, options are interpreted as xorriso options.
.br
--no_rc as first argument of such a program start
prevents interpretation of xorriso startup files. See section FILES below.
.TP
\fB\-read_mkisofsrc\fR
Try one by one to open for reading:
 ./.mkisofsrc , $MKISOFSRC , $HOME/.mkisofsrc , $(dirname $0)/.mkisofsrc 
.br
On success interpret the file content as of man mkisofs CONFIGURATION,
and end this command. Do not try further files.
The last address is used only if start argument 0 has a non-trivial dirname.
.br
The reader currently interprets the following NAME=VALUE pairs:
APPI (-application_id) , PUBL (-publisher) , SYSI (-system_id) ,
VOLI (-volid) , VOLS (-volset_id)
.br
Any other lines will be silently ignored.
.TP
\fB\-pacifier\fR behavior_code
Control behavior of UPDATE pacifiers during write operations.
The following behavior codes are defined:
.br
"xorriso" is the default format:
.br
Writing: sector XXXXX of YYYYYY  [fifo active, nn% fill]
.br
"cdrecord" looks like:
.br
X of Y MB written (fifo nn%) [buf mmm%]
.br
"mkisofs" 
.br
nn% done, estimate finish Tue Jul 15 20:13:28 2008
.TP
\fB\-scdbackup_tag\fR list_path record_name
Set the parameter "name" for a scdbackup checksum record.
It will be appended in an scdbackup checksum tag to the -md5 session tag if
the image starts at LBA 0. This is the case if it gets written as first
session onto a sequential media, or piped into a program, named pipe or
character device.
.br
If list_path is not empty then the record will also be appended to the
data file given by this path.
.br
Program scdbackup_verify will recognize and verify tag resp. record.
.TP
.B Scripting, dialog and program control features:
.TP
\fB\-no_rc\fR
.br
Only if used as first command line argument this option
prevents reading and interpretation of eventual startup
files. See section FILES below.
.TP
\fB\-options_from_file\fR fileaddress
Read quoted input from fileaddress and executes it like dialog lines.
.TP
\fB\-help\fR
.br
Print helptext.
.TP
\fB\-version\fR
Print program name and version, component versions, license.
.TP
\fB\-history\fR textline
Copy textline into libreadline history.
.TP
\fB\-status\fR mode|filter
Print the current settings of xorriso.
Modes:
.br
  short... print only important or altered settings
.br
  long ... print all settings including defaults
.br
  long_history  like long plus history lines
.br
Filters begin with '-' and are compared literally against the
output lines of -status:long_history. A line is put out only
if its start matches the filter text. No wildcards.
.TP
\fB\-status_history_max\fR number
Set maximum number of history lines to be reported with -status "long_history".
.TP
\fB\-list_delimiter\fR word
Set the list delimiter to be used instead of "--".
It has to be a single word,
must not be empty, not longer than 80 characters, and must not contain
quotation marks.
.br
For brevity the list delimiter is referred as "--"
throughout this text.
.TP
\fB\-backslash_codes\fR "on"|"off"|mode[:mode]
Enable or disable the interpretation of symbolic representations of special
characters with quoted input, or with program arguments, or with program
text output. If enabled the following translations apply:
.br
 \\a=bell(007) \\b=backspace(010) \\e=Escape(033) \\f=formfeed(014)
.br
 \\n=linefeed(012) \\r=carriage_return(015) \\t=tab(011)
.br
 \\v=vtab(013) \\\\=backslash(134) \\[0-7][0-7][0-7]=octal_code
.br
 \\x[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]=hex_code \\cC=control-C
.br
Translations can occur with quoted input in 3 modes:
.br
 "in_double_quotes" translates only inside " quotation.
.br
 "in_quotes" translates inside " and ' quotation.
.br
 "with_quoted_input" translates inside and outside quotes.
.br
With the start program arguments there is mode:
.br
 "with_program_arguments" translates all program arguments.
.br
.br
Mode "encode_output" encodes output characters. It combines "encode_results"
with "encode_infos". Inside single or double quotation marks encoding applies
to ASCII characters octal 001 to 037 , 177 to 377 and to backslash(134).
Outside quotation marks some harmless control characters stay unencoded:
bell(007), backspace(010), tab(011), linefeed(012), formfeed(014),
carriage_return(015).
.br
Mode "off" is default and disables any translation.
Mode "on" is
"with_quoted_input:with_program_arguments:encode_output".
.TP
\fB\-temp_mem_limit\fR number["k"|"m"]
Set the maximum size of temporary memory to be used for image dependent
buffering. Currently this applies to pattern expansion, LBA sorting,
restoring of hard links.
.br
Default is 16m = 16 MiB, minimum 64k = 64 kiB, maximum 1024m = 1 GiB.
.TP
\fB\-print\fR  text
Print a text to result channel.
.TP
\fB\-prompt\fR text
Show text at beginning of output line and
wait for the user to hit the Enter key
resp. to send a line via stdin.
.TP
\fB\-errfile_log\fR mode path|channel
.br
If problem events are related to input files from the filesystem, then their
disk_paths can be logged to a file or to output channels R or I.
.br
Mode can either be "plain" or "marked". The latter causes marker lines which
give the time of log start, burn session start, burn session end, log end
or program end. In mode "plain", only the file paths are logged.
.br
If path is "-" or "-R" then the log is directed to the result channel.
Path "-I" directs it to the info message channel. Any text that does not
begin with "-" is used as path for a file to append the log lines.
.br
Problematic files can be recorded multiple times during one program run.
If the program run aborts then the list might not be complete because
some input file arguments might not have been processed at all.
.br
The errfile paths are transported as messages of very low severity "ERRFILE".
This transport becomes visible with -report_about "ALL".
.TP
\fB\-session_log\fR path
If path is not empty it gives the address of a plain text file where
a log record gets appended after each session. This log can be used to
determine the start_lba of a session for mount options -o sbsector=
resp. -s from date or volume id.
.br
Record format is: timestamp start_lba size volume-id
.br
The first three items are single words, the rest of the line is the volume id.
.TP
\fB\-scsi_log\fR "on"|"off"
Mode "on" enables very verbous logging of SCSI commands and drive replies.
Logging messages get printed to stderr, not to any of the xorriso output
channels.
.br
A special property of this option is that the first -scsi_log setting
among the start arguments is in effect already when the first operations
of xorriso begin. Only "-scsi_log" with dash "-" is recognized that way.
.TP
\fB\-end\fR
.br
End program after writing eventually pending changes.
.TP
\fB\-rollback_end\fR
Discard pending changes. End program immediately.
.TP
\fB#\fR any text
Only in dialog or file execution mode, and only as first
non-whitespace in line:
Do not execute the line but eventually store it in history.
.TP
.B Support for frontend programs via stdin and stdout:
.TP
\fB\-pkt_output\fR "on"|"off"
Consolidate text output on stdout and classify each
line by a channel indicator:
.br
 'R:' for result lines,
.br
 'I:' for notes and error messages,
.br
 'M:' for -mark texts.
.br
Next is a decimal number of which only bit 0 has a meaning for now.
0 means no newline at end of payload, 1 means that the newline character at
the end of the output line belongs to the payload. After another colon and
a blank follows the payload text.
.br
Example:
.br
 I:1: enter option and arguments :
.TP
\fB\-logfile\fR channel fileaddress
Copy output of a channel to the given file. Channel may be one of: "." for all
channels, "I" for info messages, "R" for result lines, "M" for -mark texts.
.TP
\fB\-mark\fR text
If text is not empty it will get put out on "M" channel each time xorriso
is ready for the next dialog line or before xorriso performs a command that
was entered to the pager prompt.
.TP
\fB\-prog\fR text
Use text as name of this program in subsequent messages
.TP
\fB\-prog_help\fR text
Use text as name of this program and perform -help.
.br
.SH EXAMPLES
.SS
.B Overview of examples:
As superuser learn about available drives
.br
Blank media and compose a new ISO image as batch run
.br
A dialog session doing about the same
.br
Manipulate an existing ISO image on the same media
.br
Copy modified ISO image from one media to another
.br
Bring a prepared ISOLINUX tree onto media and make it bootable
.br
Change existing file name tree from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8
.br
Operate on storage facilities other than optical drives
.br
Burn an existing ISO image file to media
.br
Perform multi-session runs as of cdrtools traditions
.br
Let xorriso work underneath growisofs
.br
Adjust thresholds for verbosity, exit value and program abort
.br
Examples of input timestrings
.br
Incremental backup of a few directory trees
.br
Restore directory trees from a particular ISO session to disk
.br
Try to retrieve blocks from a damaged media
.SS
.B As superuser learn about available drives
On Linux or FreeBSD consider to give rw-permissions to those users or groups
which shall be able to use the drives with xorriso.
On Solaris use pfexec. Consider to restrict privileges of xorriso to
"base,sys_devices" and to give r-permission to user or group.
.br
$ xorriso -devices
.br
0  -dev '/dev/sr0' rwrw-- :  '_NEC    ' 'DVD_RW ND-4570A'
.br
1  -dev '/dev/sr1' rwrw-- :  'HL-DT-ST' 'DVDRAM GSA-4082B' 
.br
2  -dev '/dev/sr2' rwrw-- :  'PHILIPS ' 'SPD3300L' 
.SS
.B Blank media and compose a new ISO image as batch run
Aquire drive /dev/sr2, make media ready for writing a new image,
fill the image with the files from hard disk directories /home/me/sounds
and /home/me/pictures.
.br
Because no -dialog "on" is given, the program will then end by writing the
session to media.
.br
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr2 \\
.br
 -blank as_needed \\
.br
 -map /home/me/sounds /sounds \\
.br
 -map /home/me/pictures /pictures
.br

.br
The ISO image may be shaped in a more elaborate way like the following:
Omit some unwanted stuff by removing it from the image directory tree.
Reintroduce some wanted stuff.
.br
$ cd /home/me
.br
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr2 \\
.br
 -blank as_needed \\
.br
 -map /home/me/sounds /sounds \\
.br
 -map /home/me/pictures /pictures \\
.br
 -rm_r \\
.br
   /sounds/indecent \\
.br
   '/pictures/*private*' \\
.br
   /pictures/confidential \\
.br
   -- \\
.br
 -cd / \\
.br
 -add pictures/confidential/work* --
.br
Note that '/pictures/*private*' is a pattern for iso_rr_paths
while pictures/confidential/work* gets expanded by the shell
with addresses from the hard disk. Options -add and -map have different
argument rules but finally the same effect: they put files into the image.
.SS
.B A dialog session doing about the same
.br
Some settings are already given as start argument. The other activities
are done as dialog input. The pager gets set to 20 lines of 80 characters.
.br
The drive is acquired by option -dev rather than -outdev in order to see
the message about its current content. By option -blank this content is
made ready for being overwritten and the loaded ISO image is made empty.
.br
In order to be able to eject the media, the session needs to be committed
explicitly.
.br
.B $ xorriso -dialog on -page 20 80 -disk_pattern on
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-dev /dev/sr2
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-blank as_needed
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-map /home/me/sounds /sounds -map /home/me/pictures /pictures
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-rm_r /sounds/indecent /pictures/*private* /pictures/confidential
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-cdx /home/me/pictures -cd /pictures
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-add confidential/office confidential/factory
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-du /
.br
enter option and arguments :
.br
.B \-commit_eject all -end
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.SS
.B Manipulate an existing ISO image on the same media
Load image from drive.
Remove (i.e. hide) directory /sounds and its subordinates.
Rename directory /pictures/confidential to /pictures/restricted.
Change access permissions of directory /pictures/restricted.
Add new directory trees /sounds and /movies.
Burn to the same media, check whether the tree can be loaded, and eject.
.br
$ xorriso -dev /dev/sr2 \\
.br
 -rm_r /sounds -- \\
.br
 -mv \\
.br
   /pictures/confidential \\
.br
   /pictures/restricted \\
.br
   -- \\
.br
 -chmod go-rwx /pictures/restricted -- \\
.br
 -map /home/me/prepared_for_dvd/sounds_dummy /sounds \\
.br
 -map /home/me/prepared_for_dvd/movies /movies \\
.br
 -commit -eject all
.SS
.B Copy modified ISO image from one media to another
Load image from input drive. Do the same manipulations as in the previous
example. Aquire output drive and blank it. Burn the modified image as
first and only session to the output drive.
.br
$ xorriso -indev /dev/sr2 \\
.br
 -rm_r /sounds -- \\
.br
 ...
.br
 -outdev /dev/sr0 -blank as_needed \\
.br
 -commit -eject all
.SS
.B Bring a prepared ISOLINUX tree onto media and make it bootable
The user has already created a suitable file tree on disk and copied the
ISOLINUX files into subdirectory ./boot/isolinux of that tree.
Now xorriso can burn an El Torito bootable media:
.br
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr0 -blank as_needed \\
.br
   -map /home/me/ISOLINUX_prepared_tree / \\
.br
   -boot_image isolinux dir=/boot/isolinux
.SS
.B Change existing file name tree from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8
This example assumes that the existing ISO image was written with character
set ISO-8859-1 but that the readers expected UTF-8. Now a new session with
the same files gets added with converted file names.
In order to avoid any weaknesses of the local character set, this command
pretends that it uses already the final target set UTF-8.
Therefore strange file names may appear in eventual messages which
will be made terminal-safe by option -backslash_codes.
.br
$ xorriso -in_charset ISO-8859-1 -local_charset UTF-8 \\
.br
   -out_charset UTF-8 -backslash_codes on -dev /dev/sr0 \\
.br
   -alter_date m +0 / -- -commit -eject all
.SS
.B Operate on storage facilities other than optical drives
Full read-write operation is possible with regular files and block devices:
.br
$ xorriso -dev /tmp/regular_file ...
.br
Paths underneath /dev normally need prefix "stdio:"
.br
$ xorriso -dev stdio:/dev/sdb ...
.br
If /dev/sdb is to be used frequently and /dev/sda is the system disk,
then consider to place the following lines in a xorriso Startup File.
They allow to use /dev/sdb without prefix and protect disk /dev/sda
from xorriso:
.br
  -drive_class banned   /dev/sda*
.br
  -drive_class harmless /dev/sdb
.br
Other writeable file types are supported write-only:
.br
$ xorriso -outdev /tmp/named_pipe ...
.br
Among the write-only drives is standard output:
.br
$ xorriso -outdev - \\
.br
 ...
.br
 | gzip >image.iso.gz
.SS
.B Burn an existing ISO image file to media
Actually this works with any kind of data, not only ISO images:
.br
$ xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=as_needed image.iso
.SS
.B Perform multi-session runs as of cdrtools traditions
Between both processes there can be performed arbitrary transportation
or filtering.
.br
The first session is written like this:
.br
$ xorriso -as mkisofs prepared_for_iso/tree1 | \\
.br
 xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=fast -multi -eject - 
.br
Follow-up sessions are written like this:
.br
$ dd if=/dev/sr0 count=1 >/dev/null 2>&1
.br
$ m=$(xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -msinfo)
.br
$ xorriso -as mkisofs -M /dev/sr0 -C $m prepared_for_iso/tree2 | \\
.br
 xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 -waiti -multi -eject -
.br
Always eject the drive tray between sessions. The old sessions
get read via /dev/sr0. Its device driver might not be aware
of the changed content before it loads the media again.
In this case the previous session would not be loaded and the
new session would contain only the newly added files.
.br
For the same reason do not let xorriso -as cdrecord load the media,
but rather do this manually or by a program that reads from /dev/sr0.
.br
This example works for multi-session media only.
Add cdrskin option --grow_overwriteable_iso
to all -as cdrecord runs
in order to enable multi-session emulation on overwriteable media.
.SS
.B Let xorriso work underneath growisofs
growisofs expects an ISO formatter program which understands options -C and
-M. If xorriso gets started by name "xorrisofs" then it is suitable for that.
.br
$ export MKISOFS="xorrisofs"
.br
$ growisofs -Z /dev/dvd /some/files
.br
$ growisofs -M /dev/dvd /more/files
.br
If no "xorrisofs" is available on your system, then you will have to create
a link pointing to the xorriso binary and tell growisofs to use it. E.g. by:
.br
$ ln -s $(which xorriso) "$HOME/xorrisofs"
.br
$ export MKISOFS="$HOME/xorrisofs"
.br
One may quit mkisofs emulation by argument "--" and make
use of all xorriso commands. growisofs dislikes options which
start with "-o" but -outdev must be set to "-".
So use "outdev" instead:
.br
$ growisofs -Z /dev/dvd -- outdev - -update_r /my/files /files
.br
$ growisofs -M /dev/dvd -- outdev - -update_r /my/files /files
.br
growisofs has excellent burn capabilities with DVD and BD.
It does not emulate session history on overwriteable media, though.
.SS
.B Adjust thresholds for verbosity, exit value and program abort
Be quite verbous, exit 32 if severity "FAILURE" was encountered,
do not abort prematurely but forcibly go on until the end of commands.
.br
$ xorriso ... \\
.br
 -report_about UPDATE \\
.br
 -return_with FAILURE 32 \\
.br
 -abort_on NEVER \\
.br
 ...
.SS
.B Examples of input timestrings
.br
As printed by program date:
.B 'Thu Nov  8 14:51:13 CET 2007'
.br
The same without ignored parts:
.B 'Nov 8 14:51:13 2007'
.br
The same as expected by date:
.B 110814512007.13
.br
Four weeks in the future:
.B +4w
.br
The current time:
.B +0
.br
Three hours ago:
.B \-3h
.br
Seconds since Jan 1 1970:
.B =1194531416
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.br
.SS
.B Incremental backup of a few directory trees
This changes the directory trees /open_source_project and /personal_mail
in the ISO image so that they become exact copies of their disk counterparts.
ISO file objects get created, deleted or get their attributes adjusted
accordingly.
.br
ACL, xattr, hard links and MD5 checksums will be recorded.
Accelerated comparison is enabled at the expense of potentially larger backup
size. Only media with the expected volume id or blank media are accepted.
Files with names matching *.o or *.swp get excluded explicitly.
.br
When done with writing the new session gets checked by its recorded MD5.
.br
$ xorriso \\
.br
 -abort_on FATAL \\
.br
 -for_backup -disk_dev_ino on \\
.br
 -assert_volid 'PROJECTS_MAIL_*' FATAL \\
.br
 -dev /dev/sr0 \\
.br
 -volid PROJECTS_MAIL_"$(date '+%Y_%m_%d_%H%M%S')" \\
.br
 -not_leaf '*.o' -not_leaf '*.swp' \\
.br
 -update_r /home/thomas/projects /projects \\
.br
 -update_r /home/thomas/personal_mail /personal_mail \\
.br
 -commit -toc -check_md5 FAILURE -- -eject all
.br
To be used several times on the same media, whenever an update of
the two disk trees to the media is desired. Begin with blank media and start
a new blank media when the run fails due to lack of remaining space on
the old one.
.br
This makes sense if the full backup leaves substantial remaining capacity
on media and if the expected changes are much smaller than the full backup.
To apply zisofs compression to those data files which get newly copied from
the local filesystem, insert these options immediately before -commit :
.br
 -hardlinks perform_update \\
.br
 -find / -type f -pending_data -exec set_filter --zisofs -- \\
.br
Options -disk_dev_ino and -for_backup depend on stable device and inode numbers
on disk. Without them, an update run may use -md5 "on" to match recorded MD5
sums against the current file content on hard disk. This is usually much faster
than the default which compares both contents directly.
.br
With \fBmount\fR option \fB\-o "sbsector="\fR on GNU/Linux
resp. \fB\-s\fR on FreeBSD
it is possible to access the session trees which represent the older backup
versions. With CD media, GNU/Linux mount accepts session numbers directly by
its option "session=".
.br
Multi-session media and most overwriteable media written by xorriso can tell
the sbsectors of their sessions by xorriso option -toc.
Used after -commit the following option prints the matching mount command for
the newly written session (here for mount point /mnt):
.br
 -mount_cmd "indev" "auto" "auto" /mnt
.br
Options -mount_cmd and -mount are also able to produce the mount commands for
older sessions in the table-of-content. E.g. as superuser:
.br
 # osirrox -mount /dev/sr0 "volid" '*2008_12_05*' /mnt
.br
.sp 1
Above example produces a result similar to  -root / -old-root / with mkisofs.
For getting the session trees accumulated in the new sessions, let all -update
commands use a common parent directory and clone it after updating is done:
.br
 -update_r /home/thomas/projects /current/projects \\
.br
 -update_r /home/thomas/personal_mail /current/personal_mail \\
.br
 -clone /current /"$(date '+%Y_%m_%d_%H%M%S')" \\
.br
The cloned tree will have a name like /2011_02_12_155700.
.br
.sp 1
Sessions on multi-session media are separated by several MB of unused blocks.
So with small sessions the payload capacity can become substantially lower
than the overall media capacity. If the remaining space on media does not
suffice for the next gap, the drive is supposed to close the media
automatically.
.br
.sp 1
\fBBetter do not use your youngest backup for -update_r\fR.
Have at least two media which you use alternatingly. So only older backups
get endangered by the new write operation, while the newest backup is
stored safely on a different media.
Always have a blank media ready to perform a full backup in case the update
attempt fails due to insufficient remaining capacity.
.SS
.B Restore directory trees from a particular ISO session to disk
This is an alternative to mounting the media and using normal file operations.
.br
First check which backup sessions are on the media:
.br
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr0 -toc
.br
Then load the desired session and copy the file trees to disk.
Enable restoring of ACL, xattr and hard links.
Avoid to eventually create /home/thomas/restored without rwx-permission.
.br
$ xorriso -for_backup \\
.br
 -load volid 'PROJECTS_MAIL_2008_06_19*' \\
.br
 -indev /dev/sr0 \\
.br
 -osirrox on:auto_chmod_on \\
.br
 -chmod u+rwx / -- \\
.br
 -extract /open_source_projects \\
.br
          /home/thomas/restored/open_source_projects \\
.br
 -extract /personal_mail /home/thomas/restored/personal_mail \\
.br
 -rollback_end
.br
The final command -rollback_end prevents an error message about the altered
image being discarded.
.SS
.B Try to retrieve blocks from a damaged media
.br
$ xorriso -abort_on NEVER -indev /dev/sr0 \\
.br
 -check_media time_limit=1800 report=blocks_files \\
.br
 data_to="$HOME"/dvd_copy sector_map="$HOME"/dvd_copy.map --
.br
This can be repeated several times, eventually with -eject or with other
-indev drives. See the human readable part of "$HOME"/dvd_copy.map for
addresses which can be used on "$HOME"/dvd_copy with mount option -o sbsector=
resp. -s.
.SH FILES
.SS 
.B Program alias names:
.br
Normal installation of xorriso creates three links or copies which by their
program name pre-select certain settings:
.br
\fBxorrisofs\fR starts xorriso with -as mkisofs emulation.
.br
\fBxorrecord\fR starts xorriso with -as cdrecord emulation.
.br
\fBosirrox\fR starts with -osirrox "on:o_excl_off" which allows
to copy files from ISO image to disk and to apply option -mount to
one or more of the existing ISO sessions.
.SS 
.B Startup files:
.br
If not -no_rc is given as the first argument then xorriso attempts on startup
to read and execute lines from the following files:
.br
   /etc/default/xorriso
.br
   /etc/opt/xorriso/rc
.br
   /etc/xorriso/xorriso.conf
.br
   $HOME/.xorrisorc
.br
The files are read in the sequence given above, but none of them is required
to exist.
.br
If mkisofs emulation was enabled by program name "xorrisofs", "mkisofs",
"genisoimage", or "genisofs", then afterwards -read_mkisofsrc is performed,
which reads .mkisofsrc files. See there.
.SS
.B Runtime control files:
.br
The default setting of -check_media abort_file= is:
.br
   /var/opt/xorriso/do_abort_check_media
.br
.SH SEE ALSO
.TP
For the mkisofs emulation of xorriso
.BR xorrisofs(1) 
.TP
For mounting xorriso generated ISO 9660 images (-t iso9660)
.BR mount(8)
.TP
Libreadline, a comfortable input line facility
.BR readline(3)
.TP
Other programs which produce ISO 9660 images
.BR mkisofs(8),
.BR genisoimage(8)
.TP
Other programs which burn sessions to optical media
.BR growisofs(1),
.BR cdrecord(1),
.BR wodim(1),
.BR cdrskin(1)
.TP
ACL and xattr
.BR getfacl(1),
.BR setfacl(1),
.BR getfattr(1),
.BR setfattr(1)
.TP
MD5 checksums
.BR md5sum(1)
.SH AUTHOR
Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>
.br
for libburnia-project.org
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011 Thomas Schmitt
.br
Permission is granted to distribute this text freely. It shall only be
modified in sync with the technical properties of xorriso. If you make use
of the license to derive modified versions of xorriso then you are entitled
to modify this text under that same license.
.SH CREDITS
xorriso is in part based on work by Vreixo Formoso who provides libisofs
together with Mario Danic who also leads the libburnia team.
Thanks to Andy Polyakov who invented emulated growing,
to Derek Foreman and Ben Jansens who once founded libburn.
.br
Compliments towards Joerg Schilling whose cdrtools served me for ten years.